Transcript Chapter 15 - s3.amazonaws.com

World History
Chapter 15
Section 1
Pages 437-443
Revised August 30, 2012
1. Who was Michelangelo? What is
he famous for?
 Famous artist during the Italian Renaissance.
 Painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in
Rome, Italy.

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His Christian-inspired view of God creating the
stars and planets is only a part of the ceiling.
It took him over four years to complete his
masterpiece.
He often was on 60 foot scaffolding.
2.What changes in society and in
cities stimulated the beginning of
the Renaissance?
 The Black Death, starvation, and warfare had
overtaken Europe about 1300.

These catastrophic events and the enormous
loss of life may have led to some of the
changes of the 1300s.
 These changes included:



Growth of important city-states
Increased trade
New wealth
Section 1 – The Italian Renaissance
1300’s- Black Death, starvation, warfare, caused many changes
throughout Europe:
Decrease in population allowed farmers to produce more food than needed .
 Food prices declined- Money could be spent on other things- SUPPLY
AND DEMAND
 Agricultural Specialization


England- wool
Germany- Grain
Specialization led to TRADE

Regions had to trade for the products they did not produce.
THE RISE OF CITY-STATES
 Northern Italy became centers of COMMERCE

Venice, Milan, and Florence
Bankers, Traders, Skilled workers or artisans
 Knowledge of the Arts



Nobles wanted different ways to display their wealth
Paintings, sculpture, and architecture
3. What was the Renaissance?
Where did start? Why?
 Changes in the economy and social structure
led to a sustained period of renewed interest
in art, literature, science, and learning.
 Arose in Italy
 Italy had thriving cities, increased trade, and
a wealthy merchant class.
Section 1 – The Italian Renaissance
 Renaissance =
rebirth of philosophy
& art
 Early 1300s
 Renewed interest in
Greek/Roman culture
 Emphasis on power
of human reasoning
4. What was humanism? Where
did it come from?
 The renewed interest in ancient Greek and
Roman culture gave rise to an increased
education.


This interest led to the classic teaching of
grammar, poetry, history, and Latin/Greek.
These subjects became known as humanities,
thus this movement is called humanism.
Renaissance
 Humanists – people who studied the humanities
Grammar, history, poetry, rhetoric
 Included:
 Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, and
Francisco Petrarch
 Their views:
 Emphasized education
 Wanted to understand how things worked
 Become actively involved
 Felt tension between studies and religion
(Catholics)
 Admired individual achievement

5. List the six causes of the
Renaissance.
 Increased trade
 Growth of city-states
 Renewed interest in classical learning
 Rise of rich and powerful merchants
 Increased desire for scientific knowledge
 Desire to beautify cities
Section 1 – The Italian RenaissancE
 Secular- Worldly rather than spiritual
focus.
 Universal Man- Accomplished in the
classics, but also a man of action. Such
a man could respond to all situations.
Individual achievements and education
were important!
6. What ideas formed the
foundation of the Italian
Renaissance?
 Inspiration from the ancient Greeks and
Romans
 Humanism
 Secular forces
Italian Renaissance Writers
 Francesco Petrarch (PEE trahrk)
 His sonnets considered greatest in history
 Studied the classical writers (Greek & Romans –
classical education)
 Wrote literature in the vernacular, or everyday
language of the people.
 Worried his desire for fame contradicted his
salvation
Italian Renaissance
Writers (cont.)
 Niccolo Machiavelli (mahk yah VEL lee)
 Political philosopher and statesman




Described government by the way it actually
worked (not in lofty ideals)
Believed in ruthless behavior to get ahead –
“Machiavellian”
Better to be feared than loved as a ruler
Wrote “The Prince”
 Baldassare Castiglione (kahs teel YOH nay)
 Most famous book of Renaissance – “The Book of
the Courtier”
 Showed how gentlemen/gentlewomen should act in
polite society
7. What suggestions were made on
how gentlemen and gentlewomen
should behave?
 Speak of serious subjects as well as amusing
ones.
 Have a knowledge of Latin or Greek
 Be well-acquainted with poetry and history
 Be able to write prose as well as poetry
8. How did science influence the
Renaissance?
 Humanists discovered a wealth of scientific
information from archives and Arab
translations for classical texts.
 These new ideas about the natural world
were beginning to be explored.
 Thus, challenging the church’s teachings
about the world.
SCIENCE DURING THE RENAISSANCE
 A wealth of scientific information was added during the
Renaissance. Many times this information would challenge
religious beliefs.
 Nicholas Copernicus- Polish astronomer, suggested that the
Sun was the center of the universe.
 Galieleo Galilei- Italian astronomer who wrote that the
Earth orbited the Sun was punished by the Church
9. What contributions did artists
make to the Renaissance?
 New styles and techniques
 Focus on human personality
 Works inspired by Greek and Roman art
Renaissance Art
 Used realistic scenes/images – lifelike
 Perspective –technique to make paintings
lifelike
 Illusion of depth – distant objects smaller than
foreground objects
Italian Renaissance Artists
 Leonardo da Vinci


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Talented (painter, architect, engineer,
scientist, drawings of flying machine and
submarine)
Drew realistic human figures
“The Last Supper” and “Mona Lisa”
Italian Renaissance Artists (cont.)
 Michelangelo
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Brilliant painter
Sistine Chapel of the Vatican (Pope’s home)
“David”- sculpture of biblical figures
Helped design St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome
Sistine Chapel
“David”
St. Peter’s Basilica
Italian Renaissance Artists (cont.)
 Raphael Sansio
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Renowned painter and accomplished architect
Helped beautify Vatican
Known for paintings of Virgin Mary
Donato Bramante
 Chosen architect of Rome
 Design for St. Peter’s Basilica influenced the
design of smaller churches

Michelangelo(left)
Da Vinci (right)
The Last Supper
Sistine Chapel
The Pieta – (Virgin
Mary with Jesus)
David
The Creation of Man
Mona Lisa
Baptism of Christ
THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
 Section 2
 (pages 444-448)
1.How did the Renaissance
spread to northern Europe?
In the 1200s and 1300s, most cities in Europe were in Italy.
By the 1500s, however, large cities had also sprouted in northern Europe.
Cities like London, Paris, and Amsterdam.
Trade and the Hanseatic LeagueThe Hanseatic League was a merchant organization that controlled
trade throughout
Northern Europe- 1200-1400.
Also worked to protect its members from pirates and
other hazards.
Trade led to the exchanging of ideas.
TravelMany Renaissance artists moved north
Some Northern artists traveled to Italy for an education
Others escaped to avoid violent clashes between the armies
of northern monarchs and the wealthy Italian cities.
The Printing Presshelped to spread ideas with printed material.
2. Who is credited for
inventing the printing Press?
 Johannes Gutenberg – 1450 – used movable
type to print books
 Roots were in China and Korea
 Movable type allowed text to be quickly printed
on both sides of the paper
 Hand writing was long and tedious
 Printing helped pass ideas on faster

Gutenberg Bible (1282 pages)
3. What were the effects of the
printing press on society?
 Printing press invented
 Press technology spreads
 Easier and cheaper to make books
 More books available
 Ideas spread quickly
 People want to learn to read
“Haters” of Print
 Not all Europeans liked Gutenberg’s print
 Reasons:
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1. books printed on paper did not last long
2. Less beautiful than hand printed
3. put hand copying scribes out of work
 Nonetheless, Gutenberg’s printing press
spread
4. Who was Desiderius Erasmus?
(i RAZ muhs)
 Desiderius Erasmus

Criticized church’s lack of spirituality
Wanted return of the simple message of
Jesus
 “The Praise of Folly” – book ridiculed
ignorance and superstition among
Christians. Also criticized fasting,
pilgrimages, shrines

5. Who was Thomas More?
 Thomas More
 Published “Utopia”
 Said governments
were corrupt
 Against private
ownership of
property
 Executed after refusing
to agree that King
Henry VII was head of
the church
 Later made a saint by
Catholic Church
6. Who was William Shakespeare?
 William Shakespeare
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Wrote “Hamlet”, “Romeo & Juliet,” “Macbeth”
Portrayed personality and human emotions
Most widely known author of this time period.
7. What contributions did writers
and philosophers make to the
northern Renaissance?
 Fanned the flames of discontent with the
Catholic Church.
 Introduced humanism to England.
 Spread Renaissance ideas to a mass
audience.
8. Who were some of the famous
artists of the northern Renaissance?
 Albrecht Durer (DOOR-uhr)
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German artist
Painted in oils
 Jan van Eyck
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Area of the Netherlands
Flemish school
Also used oils to depict landscapes and
domestic life
 Hans Holbein

German artist
9. How did the works of northern
artists differ from those of the
Italian Renaissance?
 Northern artists tried to depict things as they
actually were, more realistic.
 Italian Renaissance

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Capture the beauty of Greek and Roman gods.
Mythological scenes.
Section 3 – The
Protestant Reformation
 Pages 449-454
1. What was the Protestant
Reformation?
 Reformation – Religious
revolution that split the
church in Western Europe
– 1517
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Some thought church
too interested in money
Clergy acted as
politicians instead of
moral leaders
Northern humanists
sought emphasis on
faith
Catholic church
ignored their concerns
2. What was the state of
Catholicism in the 1400s?
 Church was wealthy and powerful.
 Involved in politics.
 Had moved away from spiritual roots.
 Often financially corrupt and taxed unfairly.

The middle class and peasants were taxed
heavily.
3. Who were the early reformers
and what happened to them?
 John Wycliffe
English
 Believed the church should give up its earthly
possessions
 Removed from teaching position.
 Jan Haus
 Priest
 Preached against the immorality of the Catholic
Church
 Excommunicated
 Arrested, tried and convicted of heresy
 Burned at the stake

The Beginning
 In Germany
 Made up of 300
independent states –
weak rulers
 Monk Johann Tetzel –
selling indulgences
 This created opposition
in northern Germany by
humanists
4. What was the “sale of
indulgences”?
 Indulgences were pardons issued by the
pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s
time in purgatory.
 For many Catholics, the belief was for a dead
person to work off the sins they had
committed in purgatory.
 The sale of indulgences was highly criticized
by many people.
5. How did Martin Luther
challenge the Catholic Church?
 Wrote Ninety Five Theses
 Claimed Christ was the only head of the
Church
 Salvation was done by faith alone, not
indulgences.
 Questioned basic beliefs of Catholicism.
Martin Luther
 Monk in search of salvation
 Felt inadequate with church’s methods
 Criticized Tetzel’s indulgences

Money for false promises of forgiveness
 1517 – 95 theses (statements) –
disagreements to the Catholic church
 Wanted to reform church
 He spread his ideas through pupils
 Was excommunicated (expelled) from the
Church.
SECTION 3
The Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther excommunicated
Luther summoned to appear
before Imperial Diet
Tetzel
began selling
indulgences
no central gov. in
Germany (no control
over religious ideas or
papal abuses)
church interested in
income, not saving
souls
priests engaged in
vice and misconduct
popes did not set example of
moral leadership
church had lost sight of
spiritual mission
Luther refuses to abandon his ideas
Luther banished from empire, his
works banned
Luther translates Bible into
German
Luther’s works and ideas continue
to spread
Reformation
and the
Lutheran
Church
Luther
establishes
Lutheran
Church
Luther’s Impact
 Translated bible to German – now all could
read it
 Developed Lutheranism

By 1530, Lutheranism was a formerly
recognized branch of Christianity.
 Luther’s followers and other reformers called
Protestants
6. How did Protestantism spread to
other areas?
 Luther’s stand against the Church opened the
door for others to make differing ideas known.
7. What was the basis of Zwingli’s
church in Switzerland?
 It was a theocracy in which government and
the church are joined together.
8. Who was John Calvin and what
did he believe?
 Created his religion called Calvinism
 Emphasized predestination
God knows who will be saved, even before people are born.
 Thus, nothing humans could do would change their
predestined end.
 Followed highest moral standards.
 Self-discipline & dedicated
Moved to city of Geneva – theocracy
Righteous living
 Laws prohibited card playing, dancing, profanity, showy
dress
Sense of mission/discipline
Controlled people’s lives
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5 Points of Calvinism
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The five points of Calvinism, which can be remembered by TULIP are:
Total depravity (or total inability): As a consequence of the Fall of man, every person
born into the world is enslaved to the service of sin. According to the view, people are
not by nature inclined to love God with their whole heart, mind, or strength, but rather
all are inclined to serve their own interests over those of their neighbor and to reject
the rule of God. Thus, all people by their own faculties are morally unable to choose
to follow God and be saved because they are unwilling to do so out of the necessity
of their own natures.
Unconditional election: God's choice from eternity of those whom he will bring to
himself is not based on foreseen virtue, merit, or faith in those people. Rather, it is
unconditionally grounded in God's mercy.
Limited atonement (or particular redemption or definite atonement): The death of
Christ actually takes away the penalty of sins of those on whom God has chosen to
have mercy. It is "limited" to taking away the sins of the elect, not of all humanity, and
it is "definite" and "particular" because atonement is certain for those particular
persons.
Irresistible grace (or efficacious grace): The saving grace of God is effectually
applied to those whom he has determined to save (the elect) and, in God's timing,
overcomes their resistance to obeying the call of the gospel, bringing them to a
saving faith in Christ.
Perseverance of the saints (or preservation of the saints): Any person who has
once been truly saved from damnation must necessarily persevere and cannot later
be condemned. The word saints is used in the sense in which it is used in the Bible to
refer to all who are set apart by God, not in the technical sense of one who is
exceptionally holy, canonized, or in heaven (see Saint
9. What were the effects of
Protestantism in England?
 It began with King Henry VIII, as he broke
from the Catholic Church and formed the
Church of England.
 Had been a devout Catholic as a young man.
 Wanted to re-marry and sought an
annullment.

Believed Catherine of Aragon would bear him no
male heirs.
 Had a daughter (Mary)

Church would not grant the annullment.
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Fell in love and married Anne Boleyn.
Formed the Anglican Church
The Anglican Church
 In England
 King Henry VIII
 Wanted to divorce his wife
 She had given no sons
 Hoped to marry Ann Boleyn
King Henry VIII
Anglican Church (cont.)
 Pope refused to grant divorce (Popes could make exceptions)
 Henry withdrew England from Catholic church
 Started Anglican Church
 Changed rituals very little
 Gave land from monasteries/convents to nobles
 Paved way for Protestant Reformation in England
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THE TUDORS
Henry VIII- 1509-1547- Anglican
Edward VI- (Henry’s son) 1547-1553 Anglican
Mary I- (Henry’s daughter) 1553-1558- Catholic- No Children
Elizabeth I- (Henry’s daughter)- 1558-1603- Anglican
The Counter-Reformation
 Section 4
 Pages 455-461
The Catholic ReformationAttempts At Reform
 AKA the Counter-Reformation
 Goals:
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Reforms/return to spirituality
Stop spread of Protestantism
Francis of Sales/ Teresa of Avila
Ignatius of Loyola- formed the Jesuits

Jesuits- concentrated on education as a
means of combating the Reformation- opened
missions, schools and universities
1. What reforms were made in the
Catholic Church?
 A monk named Girolamo Savonarola was
one of the first reformers.

Preached against the abuses of the Church.
 New religious orders

Jesuits
2. What reforms did Savonarola
call for?
 Called on church to melt down ornaments to
provide food for the poor.
 Convinced others to burn jewelry, mirrors,
and trinkets.
 Worked to reform the Church
3. How did the Jesuits spread
Catholicism?
 Established missions, schools, and
universities.
4. What reforms were passed by
the Council of Trent?
 Addressed clergy’s corruption
 Regulated priests’ training
 Curbed financial abuses
 Condemned sale of indulgences
Council of Trent
 Trent, Italy (1545-1563)
 Meeting of Catholic church leaders to
examine criticisms made by Protestants
about Catholic practices.
 To define doctrine
 Ended abuses with indulgences
 Emphasized:
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Need for ceremonies
Forgiveness still granted through priests
Salvation through ceremonial actions and
individual faith
Reaction to Council of Trent
 Some found Protestantism appealing
 Many found Catholic ceremonies comforting
 Liked beautiful churches
 Liked authority of priests
 Believed salvation gained through good
works
 Many Catholics felt renewed energy and
confidence.
5. Name some women who began
religious orders during this period.
 Angela Merici
 Jane of Chantal
 Teresa of Avila
6. What were the religious and
social effects of the CounterReformation?
 Changes in both Catholicism and
Protestantism.
 Persecution of non-Catholics, Jews, and
Muslims.
 Formation of independent states and
nations.
7. What methods did the Catholic
Church use to stop the spread of
Protestantism?
 Spreading Catholicism through mission work
and education reforms of the Council of Trent
 Inquisition put people on trial

For witchcraft, being Protestant, and breaking
Church law

Spanish Inquisition much harsher
 Imposed religious uniformity
 Carried out executions and other punishments
8. How did religious turmoil affect
society during the 1500s?
 Caused changes in religion
 Persecution of different religious groups
 Creation of independent states
9. What wars occurred because of
the Counter-Reformation?
 Italian Wars

War between France and Spain over Italian
peninsula

Also involved England
 Peasants’ War

Caused by high taxes, lack of power,
Reformation ideas of freedom
 Fighting in France between Protestants and
Catholics
10. Overall, what were the effects
of the Reformation?
 Many Protestant sects developed
 Church leaders reformed the Catholic Church
 Religious intolerance and anti-Semitism
increased
 Religious conflicts spread across Europe