Transcript The Renaissance

The Renaissance
Cultural Awakening
&
Church Response
Foundational Concepts
•
Name: Renaissance
–
•
Implies a rebirth
Locus
–
Broadly: 1350-1650 in Western Europe
–
Narrowly: 14th Century in Italy
Foundational Concepts
• Nature
Theo-centric concentration
Anthropocentric view of life
Corporate-sacred focus
Individualistic-secular focus
Pessimistic
Optimistic way of living
(fearful/superstitious)
(experimental/hypothesizing)
Futuristic thinking
Present thinking
Foundational Concepts
•
Sources
1. Economic transformation
2. Centralizing governments
3. Rise of Italian merchant cities as independent
republics
4. Proliferation of written materials
5. Nominalism replaced “realism” as philosophical
foundation
Renaissance and Humanism
•
Tendency to place humans (humanity) at the
center of the universe
•
In 14-16th c. humanism implied a literary
methodology
•
Term evolved to mean “the study of the
humanities”
Expressions/forms of
Humanism
•
Literary
•
Scientific
•
Classical
•
Italian (cultural/artistic humanism)
Contributions of Humanism
1.
New curriculum in universities
2.
Preserved classical literature
3.
Textual criticism emerged as important science
(Lorenzo Valla)
4.
Historical Awareness
5.
Literary form and style
6.
Revolutionized science (Galileo)
7.
Repositioned foundation of cultural morality (Machiavelli)
Figures of Italian Renaissance
•
Petrarch (1304-1374)
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•
Founder of Renaissance humanism
Boccaccio (1313-1375)
–
•
Launched Greek classic revival (Decameron)
Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499)
–
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Director of Platonic Academy in Florence
Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494)
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Wrote The Dignity of Man
Renaissance flowering in arts
•
Giotto
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(1266-1336)
The Death of St. Francis
Renaissance flowering in arts
•
Giotto
–
(1266-1336)
The Lamentation of Christ
Renaissance flowering in arts
•
Leonardo da Vinci
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Last Supper
(1452-1519)
Renaissance flowering in arts
•
Leonardo da Vinci
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Mona Lisa
(1452-1519)
Renaissance flowering in arts
•
Raphael
–
(1483-1520)
Julian Apartments
at St. Peter’s
Renaissance flowering in arts
•
Michelangelo
–
(1475-1564)
Sculptures:
•
David, Moses, Pieta
David
Moses
Pieta
Renaissance flowering in arts
•
Michelangelo
–
Paintings:
•
Sistine Chapel
(1475-1564)
Renaissance flowering in arts
•
Michelangelo
–
(1475-1564)
Structures:
•
St. Peter’s Basilica
Renaissance flowering in arts
•
Michelangelo
–
(1475-1564)
Clothing:
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Papal Swiss Guard
Renaissance flowering in arts
•
Bernini
(1598-1680)
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St. Peter’s Chair, Baldacchino
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St. Peter’s Square – Colonnades
–
Palazzo Senatorio
–
Ecstasy of St. Teresa
St. Peter’s Cathedra
Baldacchino
Ecstasy of St. Teresa
Renaissance – Papal Ambitions
•
Nine Infamous Popes of the Renaissance
1.
Nicholas V (1447-55)
2.
Calixtus III (1455-58)
3.
Pius II (1458-64)
4.
Paul II (1464-71)
5.
Sixtus IV (1471-84)
6.
Innocent VIII (1484-92)
7.
Alexander VI (Borgia) (1492-1503)
8.
Julius II (1503-1513)
9.
Leo X (1513-1521)
Renaissance Adaptation:
Northern Humanism
•
Links bridging two expressions of
humanism
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Foreign correspondence of Italian
humanists
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Printed books, originating in places like
Aldine press in Venice
–
European scholars
Renaissance Adaptation:
Northern Humanism
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Three Ideals
1. Concern for bonae litterae (good/fine
literature)
2. Emphasized religious program directed
towards revival of the Christian church
3. Struck a pacifistic note in most areas
Key Figures: Northern Humanism
•
John Colet (1467-1519)
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Thomas Moore (1478-1535)
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Johannes Reuchlin (1455-1522)
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Erasmus (1466-1536)
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Handbook of the Christian Soldier (1503)
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Praise of Folly (1511)
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Greek New Testament (Lorenzo Valla influence) (1516)
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Colloquies (1518)
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On Free Will (c. 1524)
“Laid the egg that Luther hatched”
Renaissance Resistance:
Mystical Alternative
•
Quest
–
•
Direct contact with God / Practice the presence of God
Two Forms
–
–
•
Psychological – emotional union
Philosophical – essential union
Causes
–
–
–
Reaction against scholastic excesses of rationalism
Nominalism’s emphasis on individual and limits of
reason
Protest against troubled times in the church and
society
Influential Mystics
•
John (Meister) Eckhart (1260-1327)
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Father of German mysticism
Julian of Norwich (1342-1423)
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Greatest woman mystic of middle ages
Catherine of Siena (1347-1380)
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Latin mysticism (emotional) at its best
John of Ruysbroeck (1293-1381)
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Influenced mystical movement in Holland
Gerard Groote (1340-1384)
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Modern Devotion movement / Brethren of Common Life
Thomas A’Kempis (1380-1471)
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Imitation of Christ
Consequences of Mysticism
1. Emphasis on subjectiveness of
Gospel message
2. Tended to substitute inner
authority for the Bible
(minimized doctrine)
3. Could become too passivistic -no outward action to match
inward reflection
I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at the
iron's point there seemed to be a little fire. He
appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into my
heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when he drew
it out, he seemed to draw them out also, and to
leave me all on fire with a great love of God. The
pain was so great, that it made me moan; and yet
so surpassing was the sweetness of this excessive
pain, that I could not wish to be rid of it. The soul is
satisfied now with nothing less than God. The pain
is not bodily, but spiritual; though the body has its
share in it. It is a caressing of love so sweet which
now takes place between the soul and God, that I
pray God of His goodness to make him experience
it who may think that I am lying.
The Life of St. Teresa of Jesus (1515-1582)
Renaissance Resistance:
Ultra-Conservatives
Garolano Savonarola (1452-1498)
•
Background
•
Ministry Career
•
Political entanglements
•
Penitential city of Florence
– Burning of the Vanities
•
Downfall and death (May 23, 1498)
•
Message in his life and death
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