Transcript NUR101ModB
NUR 101: Body Structure and
Function
Module B – Chemistry of Life
Chemistry of Life
BIOCHEMISTRY is devoted to studying
the chemical aspects of life. The basic
principles of anatomy and physiology are
ultimately based on principles of
chemistry.
Levels of Chemical
Organization
MATTER is any thing that occupies
space and has mass.
MOLECULES are particles of matter that
are composed of one or more smaller
units called atoms.
ATOMS are composed of several kinds of
subatomic particles: protons, electrons,
and neutrons.
Atom Organization
Atom nucleus is the center core of the
atom and contains protons and neutrons.
Protons are positively charged particles
within the nucleus of an atom.
Neutrons are electrically neutral particles
within the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons are negatively charged
particles orbiting the nucleus of an atom.
Levels of Chemical Organization
ELEMENTS are pure substances,
composed of only one kind of atom
MOLECULES are particles of matter that
are composed of one or more smaller
units called atoms
COMPOUNDS are composed of
molecules having more than one kind of
atom.
CHEMICAL BONDING
IONIC BONDING occurs when one atom
donates an electron to another atom and
the resulting ions attract each other.
COVALENT BONDING occurs when
atoms share electrons
ORGANIC VERSUS INORGANIC
Organic compounds are composed of
molecules that contain Carbon-Carbon
(C-C) covalent bonds or CarbonHydrogen (C-H) bonds. Few inorganic
compounds contain carbon atoms and
none contain Carbon-Carbon or CarbonHydrogen bonds.
Organic molecules are generally larger
and more complex .
Solvent and Solute
SOLVENT is a substance in which other
substances are dissolved; for example, In
saltwater the water is the solvent
SOLUTE is substance that dissolves into
another substance; for example In
saltwater the salt is the solute dissolved
in water.
TYPES OF INORGANIC
MOLECULES
Water
Acids
Bases
Salts
Concepts related to PH level
PH is a unit expressing relative H+ (hydrogen)
concentration
Formula used to calculate PH units gives a
value of 7 to pure water therefore 7 is a neutral
value neither acidic or basic
PH values higher than 7 is basic
PH values lower than 7 is acidic
Normal body function can be maintained only
within a narrow range of PH. Normal range
7.35-7.45
Acid – Base Concepts
Acid is any substance that when
dissolved in water, contributes to an
excess of H+ (hydrogen) ions. A lower
PH value indicates a higher H+
concentration –acidic Normal range 7.35
to 7.45
Base is any substance that when
dissolved in water, contributes to an
excess of OH- (hydroxide) ion.
TYPES OF ORGANIC
MOLECULES
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Carbohydrate Structure and
Function
Monosaccharide (glucose, galactose, fructose
) single monosaccharide unit. Utilized as a
primary source of energy and to build other
carbohydrates
Disaccharide (sucrose, lactose, maltose ) two
monosaccharide units. Broken into a
monosaccharide for energy
Polysaccharide (glycogen, starch) many
monosaccharide units. Used to store
monosaccharides (thus to store energy)
Lipid Structure and Function
Triglycerides are formed by one glycerol unit
and three fatty acids. Utilized to store energy in
cells
Phospholipids are formed by two fatty acids
and a phosphorus containing unit. Utilized to
form a stable foundation for the cell membrane
Cholesterol has four carbon rings at core.
Assists in stabilizing the cell membrane and is
the basis of steroid hormones
Protein Structure and Function
Structural proteins (fibers) are amino
acids that form essential structures of the
body
Functional proteins (enzymes, and
hormones) are amino acids that facilitate
chemical reactions; send signals ;
compose some of the hormones cell
membrane channels and receptors and
enzymes
Nucleic Acid Structure and
Function
Nucleic acids are made from nucleotides. Each
nucleotide consists of a phosphate unit, a sugar unit
and a nitrogen base.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nucleotide base
includes adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
Contains information (genetic code) for making
proteins
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleotide base includes
adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine Serves as a
copy of a portion of the genetic code