Transcript Carbohydrates

What are bodies made of?
 Water
65% of your body is H2O
 water is inorganic

 Rest of you is made of carbon molecules

organic molecules
 carbohydrates
 proteins
 fats
 nucleic acids
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Why do we eat?
 We eat to take in more of these chemicals

Food for building materials (SYNTHESIS)
 to make more of us (cells)
 for growth
 for repair

Food to make energy
 ATP
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ATP
Building MACROMOLECULES:
large molecules of life
 Chain together smaller molecules

building block molecules = monomers
 Big molecules built from little molecules

polymers
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Building large organic molecules
 Small molecules = building blocks
 Bond them together = polymers
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Building important polymers
Carbohydrates = built from sugars
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar
Proteins = built from amino acids
amino amino amino amino amino amino
acid – acid – acid – acid – acid – acid
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
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How to build large molecules
 Synthesis
building bigger
molecules from smaller
molecules
 building cells & bodies

 repair
 growth
 reproduction
+
ATP
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Example of synthesis
amino acids
protein
 Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids
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amino acids = building block
protein = polymer
How to take large molecules apart
 Digestion
taking big molecules apart
 getting raw materials

 for synthesis & growth

making energy (ATP)
 for synthesis, growth & everyday functions
+
ATP
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Example of digestion
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
starch
ATP
glucose
ATP
 Starch is digested to glucose
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CH2OH
Carbohydrates
 Function:

quick energy

energy storage

Structure
 Examples

sugars

starches

Cellulose
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H
HO
H
OH
O H
H
OH
H
OH
What elements make carbohydrates?
Sucrose
Glucose
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2:1
Ratio
Sugars = building blocks
 Names for sugars usually end in -ose
glucose
 fructose
 sucrose
 maltose
CH2OH

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H
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
HO
H
OH
glucose
C6H12O6
sucrose
fructose
maltose
Carbohydrates
 Building block molecules = sugars
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
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Types of Carbohydrates
1 sugar = monosaccharide
 simple sugars
 all have C6H12O6 formula
 may be linear, can form rings
 Can be used for fuel
 Can be combined into polymers
 Ex: Glucose, Fructose
mono = one
saccharide = sugar
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sugar
 Examples of monosaccharides
Triose sugars Pentose sugars
(C3H6O3)
(C5H10O5)
H
O
H
Aldoses
C
O
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
HO
C
H
C
OH
H
H
C
OH
H
H
H
C
H
C
OH
H
HO
C
H
C
OH
HO
C
H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
H
Glucose
Galactose
H
C OH
H
H
C OH
C
O
H
C OH
C
O
O
C OH
H
C OH
HO
H
H
C OH
H
C OH
Dihydroxyacetone
H
C OH
H
C OH
H
H
C OH
H
O
C
H
H
Ketoses
H
O
C
Ribose
Ribulose
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H
C
Glyceraldehyde
Figure 5.3
Hexose sugars
(C6H12O6)
C H
H
Fructose
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Types of Carbohydrates
2 sugars = disaccharide
sugar
sugar
 double sugars
 all have C12H22O11 formula
 joined by glycosidic linkages
 Ex: sucrose, maltose, lactose
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Sucrose (table sugar)
How are complex carbohydrates formed?
Dehydration Synthesis: combining simple
molecules to form a more complex one with
the removal of water
monosaccharide + monosaccharide = disaccharide
C6H12O6
+
C6H12O6
C12H22O11
+
+
water
H2O
+
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How are complex carbohydrates broken
down?
Hydrolysis: The addition of water to a
compound to split it into smaller subunits
- Also known as: chemical digestion
disaccharide
+
C12H22O11 +
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water
H2O
=
monosaccharide + monosaccharide
C6H12O6
+
C6H12O6
HAVE YOU BEEN PAYING
ATTENTION?
The following reaction is an example of a
hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis
reaction? Explain your answer.
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HAVE YOU BEEN PAYING
ATTENTION?
What type of reaction is occurring below,
hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis?
Fill in the blank
disaccharide
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Types of Carbohydrates
3 or more sugars = polysaccharide
A polymer of sugars
sugar
poly = many
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sugar




sugar
sugar
Glycogen
Cellulose
Starch
Chitin
sugar
sugar
Polysaccharides
 Starch
 glucose storage in plants
 glucose monomers
potatoes
 glycogen
 energy storage in animals
 glucose monomers
 in liver & muscles
 cellulose
 structure in plants
 glucose monomers*
 cell walls
 chitin
 structure in arthropods & fungi
 exoskeleton

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
Cellulose has different glycosidic linkages
than starch
H
CH2O
H
O
H
OH H
H
4
H
OH
HO
H
O
CH2O
H
H
O OH
H
4
1
OH H
HO
H
C
OH
 glucose
H
C
OH
HO
C
H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
OH
 glucose
(a)  and  glucose ring structures
CH2O
H
O
CH2O
H
O
HO
4
1
OH
O
1
OH
4
O
1
OH
OH
OH
CH2O
H
O
CH2O
H
O
O
4
1
OH
O
OH
OH
(b) Starch: 1– 4 linkage of  glucose monomers
CH2O
H
O
HO
Figure 5.7 A–C
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OH
CH2O
H
O
OH
O
1
4
OH
O
OH
OH
O
OH
O
O
CH2O
CH2O
OH
OH
H
H
(c) Cellulose: 1– 4 linkage of  glucose monomers
OH
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Cellulose
 Cell walls in plants
herbivores can digest cellulose well
 most carnivores cannot digest cellulose

 cellulose = roughage
 Fiber
 stays undigested
 keeps material
moving in your
intestines
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Helpful bacteria
 How can cows digest cellulose so well?

BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
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Different structure = different function
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CHECKPOINT
In animals, which occurs during the synthesis of
larger, more complex organic molecules from
smaller organic molecules?
1.Water is released
2.Oxygen is released
3.Water is added
4.A carbon is lost
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CHECKPOINT
Which complex carbohydrate is the storage
form of energy in plants?
1.Cellulose
2.Starch
3.Glycogen
4.Chitin
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CHECKPOINT
The digestion of maltose involves the
1.Removal of water molecules from maltose
2.Removal of carbon dioxide molecules from maltose
3.Addition of water molecules from maltose
4.Addition of carbon dioxide molecules to maltose
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CHECKPOINT
List the 3 other organic molecules we still need
to learn about.
Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic Acids
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