Transcript Macromolecule Notes

Chemical Compounds
in Living Things
Organic
Inorganic
Contain C
why C?
do not
contain C
except CO2
C forms strong
stable covalent
bonds
EX water,
minerals, salts
Organic Chemistry Basics
Properties of Carbon:
1. Has 4 Valence electrons
2. Forms 4 covalent bonds
(single, double, or triple) with
oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous,
and sulfur
3. Can form chains
- straight, branching or rings
- varies in length, number and location
of double bonds and presence of other
elements
4. Forms ISOMERS (same chemical
formula but different arrangements)
EX C6H12O6 is same formula for
Glucose, Fructose and Galactose
Carbon Bonding
Properties
Recall: carbon has FOUR open positions
for covalent bonds. They're the “connectors"
in the biochemical tinker toy set!
The simplest carbon compounds are
hydrocarbons
Polymerization – chemical process in
which large compounds are
constructed by joining of smaller
compounds.
Monomers = small compounds
monomer + monomer = polymer
polymer + polymer = macromolecule
Artificial skin grown in the laboratory on scaffolding made of
long chain molecules called polymers can help heal the wounds of
patients with ulcers caused by our blood circulation. (Photo
courtesy of Organogenesis Inc.)
Small Carbon Molecules
Large Carbon Molecules
• Monomer
Large Carbon Molecules
• Polymer
Cells need to assemble and
disassemble polymers. They do this
by two reactions involving water.
Dehydration synthesis or Condensation
Reaction:
"Polymer + Monomer" =
"Longer Polymer + Water"
Hydrolysis Reaction:
(literally splitting by water):
"Polymer + Water" = “shorter Polymer
+ Monomer"
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
Compounds of Life
4 Groups (aka Macromolecules)
1. Carbohydrates – sugars &
starches
2. Lipids – waxy or oily
3. Proteins – polymers of amino
acids (have N2)
4. Nucleic Acids – polymers of
nucleotides (have phosphate
groups)
Macromolecule #1:
Carbohydrates
Building Block aka monomer:
monosaccharide
• Organic compound composed
of C, H and O in ration of 2 H:1
O
• Classed by number of simple
sugars
1. Monosaccharides –
1 simple sugar
2. Disaccharides –
2 monosaccharides
3. Polysaccharides –
3 or more
monosaccharides
carbs continued…
Functions:
1. Store energy in chemical
bonds
 Plants –Starch
 Animals – Glycogen
2. Structural
 Cellulose in plant cell
walls
 Chitin – building block
of exoskeletons
Macromolecule #2:
Lipids
Building Block aka monomer:
triglycerides
• Large non-polar molecules
that don’t dissolve in water
• HYDROPHOBIC
Function: energy source,
cushions organs, insulation,
cell membranes, hormones
Lipids continued…
Three Types of Lipids:
a. FATS:
Triglycerides (monomer):
3 fatty acids + glycerol
Saturated –
• no double bonds between carbons
• solid at room temp/Animal Fats
Unsaturated –
• double bonds
• liquid at room temp/Plant fats
Phospholipids:
2 fatty acids + glycerol
b. Steroids - 4 fused carbon
rings
EX. Cholesterol – component
of animal cell membranes
SEX Hormones
c. Waxes – Long fatty acid
chain + long glycerol chain
Macromolecule #3:
Nucleic Acids
building block (monomer): nucleotide
1. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
2. Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)
3. Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP), which is how we get our
energy
Nucleotide = sugar + N-base +
phosphate group
FUNCTION: Store Information
in cell ex genetic code
Macromolecule #4:
Protein
• building block
(monomer):
amino acids
• 20 different
amino acids
• 3-D shape
• Vary in
sequence of
amino acids
Peptide bonds
hold together
Polypeptide
Proteins continued…
Function:
• Major component of cell
parts
• Provide support
• Antibodies
• Contractile proteins
(muscle)
• Enzymes – speed up
reactions (catalyst)
• Reduce activation
energy needed to start a
chemical reaction
Macromolecule
name
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Nucleic Acid
Protein
monomer
Monosaccharides
Triglycerides
Nucleotides
Amino acid
function
Energy storage
Plants starch
Animals glycogen
Structural like
cell wall or exoskeleton
Energy Source
Cushions
Insulates
Hormones
Genetic code
Structural
Enzymes
Antibodies
Support
Major component
of cell parts
Other Important Terms
•
•
•
•
Enzyme = protein that facilitates the reaction (suffix ”ASE”
Substrate = the item that the enzyme breaks down
Product = the result of the enzyme breaking down the item
Denature = causing an enzyme to not work as well or at all.
Can be permanent or temporary.
• Thinking about Handase Lab (pretzels)
– What was the enzyme?
– What was the substrate?
– What was the product?
• Thinking about our lab with the liver….
– What was the enzyme?
– What was the substrate?
– What was the product?
– Did anything denature our enzyme? If so, what?
2H2O2 + liver  2H2O +O2
(catalase)
Other things also contain catalase
Such as potato, apples, chicken, etc.
Reaction pathway
without enzyme
Activation energy
without enzyme
Reactants
Reaction pathway
with enzyme
Activation
energy
with enzyme
Products
Enzyme?
Substrate?
Active Site?
Product?
Coke Machine
Coin
Coin slot
Coke
1. Finish Lab “Handase”
2. Make Enzyme Foldable
3. Start HW Enzyme Analogy