Transcript Macromolecules_students

Matter Cycles ; Energy Flows
Bio300
Mrs. Lil
Macromolecule Chart
Use your brains, the books, the notes,
& your classmates’ rows to fill in…
MONOMER
LIPIDS
CARBOHYDRATES
NUCLEIC ACID
(DNA/RNA)
PROTEIN
STRUCTURE
NOTES
• We eat food to get the matter &
the energy!
What do they all have in common?
6 most common atoms for life
Main Ideas
• Today we reviewed atomic structure & the
four most important macromolecules of life
• Electrons are responsible for what we call
“energy” in biology.
– a BOND is the sharing or attraction of electrons
between two atoms
– Life is carbon-based b/c its four
‘sharable’ valence e- allow it to bond in
all directions
• Summarize why today’s topic was: “matter cycles”
Keystone Content Today
• Compare the structure and function of
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids in organisms
• Explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form
biological macromolecule
Matter Cycles ; Energy Flows
Bio300
Mrs. Lil
Seating Challenge #4
• Can you make a food chain?
• Sit at a table group where
everyone’s tag is a different
color.
–Limit 3-4 people per group
–Please get your syllabus out too
so I can check the signature
• http://www.npr.org/2007/05/01/9943298/epi
sode-1-its-all-about-carbon
• Episode 2 (3min)
Food Chain
• Yesterday you snacked on food.
• What was it that you ate exactly?
• How is it part of a food chain?
• Arrange the organisms (necklackes) on your
desk into a correct food chain & copy the work
in you notebook
• What do the arrows represent?
•
•
•
•
Carnivore
Decomposer
Producers
Herbivore
Stand up if you’re…
True or False?
If you ate 20 pounds of food,
you would gain 20 pounds
The Popcorn Race…
1. The popcorn represented…..
2. When did the popcorn spill?
3. What would happen if there were fewer
transfers?
What do you think this has to do with food
chains?
•
Why are food chains rarely more than 4 or 5
members (trophic levels) long?
How many trophic levels can there be in a
chain?
Heat
First Trophic
Level
Second Trophic
Level
Third Trophic
Level
Fourth Trophic
Level
Producers
(plants)
Primary
consumers
(herbivores)
Secondary
consumers
(carnivores)
Tertiary
consumers
(top carnivores)
Heat
Heat
Heat
Solar
energy
Heat
Heat
Detritvores
(decomposers and detritus feeders)
Heat
Matter Cycles – Energy Flows
With your table, Build a molecule!
• We eat food to get the matter &
the energy!
9 / 9 Do Now:
• In your notebook….
1) Of the three macromolecules : lipid, carb,
protein – hypothesize which one you think holds
the MOST energy & will therefore change the
temp of water most.
- hint : check your chart notes
2) What is the preferred method to extinguish a
lab fire?
3) Get out your lab & review the procedure
So….Was your
hypothesis
supported?
• If these were two of the
foods you were trying to
compare, what information
would you look for on the
label to understand how
much energy is stored?
• Get out lab & notebook
• http://www.npr.org/2007/05/01/9943298/epi
sode-1-its-all-about-carbon
• Episode 3 (3min)
Can you identify which macromolecule?
If bonds hold energy, what molecule has the most energy?
Get out your
macromolecule
chart please
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
•
•
•
•
All single bonds connect C
Solid at room temp
Ex: butter, lard
“Straight, stackable”
•
•
•
•
Contain double bonds
Liquid at room temp
Ex: olive oil, corn oil
Typically plant-based
What are trans-fats?
• “Trans” double bonds are not naturally found in
biological systems
• When unsat. fats are “hydrogenated” to become
sat. fat (easier to store, ship,use), the H’s can
rearrange and ‘straighten out’ the molecule
• Trans fat is bad (?) b/c it is not recognized by our
body’s enzymes (?)
• Answer the conclusion questions in your lab
packet.
• What was the main point?
Do Now: Question Analysis
1) Decide with your tablemates what the best answer is.
2) Be ready to explain why one of the letters would be wrong
The enzyme amylase will affect the breakdown of
carbohydrates, but it will not affect the breakdown of
proteins. The ability of an enzyme molecule to interact
with specific molecules is most directly determined by
the:
A. shapes of the molecules involved
B. sequence of bases present in ATP
C. number of molecules involved
D. amount of glucose present in the cell
We don’t have fire in our stomach!
• So how do we digest food?
– Aka – get the energy out of the bonds? ________
– Get your macromolecule chart out; flip over.
Proteins
• Check your macromolecule chart
• Fxn: control reactions (enzymes), regulate cell
processes, structure (tissues, bones, muscles),
transport & help fight disease
• Structure: contain N, C, H, O
– Have an amino group (-NH2)
– Have a carboxyl group (-COOH)
– Have an “R” group (“other”)
• there are 20 different R groups
• Three major groups: Polar, Ionic, and Nonpolar
It’s all about shape…
• 1st objective today – how does a protein get its
shape?
– Amino acid + Amino acid = Protein
– Monomer + Monomer = Polymer
• 2nd objective – What happens when that
shape is ruined?
– Aka Denatured
Polymerization
Synthesis of organic molecules
Small subunits called MONOMERS are joined to
form POLYMERS
Polymers are MACROMOLECULES
Monomers
Polymer
Types of Reactions
• Hydrolysis
– Break apart monomers
– by adding water.
– An H is added to one monomer & an OH is added to the
other monomer.
• Dehydration Synthesis ( or Condensation)
–
–
–
–
Join monomers
One monomer loses a H+ and the other loses an OHWater is removed
Covalent bond is formed
Condensation Reaction
Keystone Check
The diagram shows a reaction that forms a
polymer from two monomers. What is this type
of reaction called?
a. glycolysis
c. photosynthesis
b. hydrolysis
d. dehydration synthesis
Activity!
• We’re going to become a “class polypeptide”
1) Hold the “carboxyl group”
in your right hand
2) Hold the “amine group”
in your left hand
3) Your head is the “H”
4) Your legs are all different, so they’re the “R”
group – meaning the “other” group
20 Possible R groups (red)
Main Idea: each amino acid is unique with its own properties.
Like stays with Like.
When in a long chain, polypeptides (aka protein) folds uniquely
Putting it together….
The contents of the small intestine have a basic pH.
When gastric protease enters the small intestine, the
activity of the enzyme will most likely :
A. increase, only
B. decrease, only
C. increase and then decrease
D. remain the same
Everyday examples
• What happens with heat? Acid?
• Ex 1 - Substrate = Eggs
• Ex 2 - Substrate = Apples
How about this one?
A scientist observes that, when the pH of the environment
surrounding an enzyme is changed, the rate the enzyme
catalyzes a reaction greatly decreases. Which statement
best describes how a change in pH can affect an enzyme?
A. A pH change can cause the enzyme to change its shape.
B. A pH change can remove energy necessary to activate the
enzyme.
C. A pH change can add new molecules to the structure of
the enzyme.
D. A pH change can cause an enzyme to react with a different
substrate.