Transcript carbon - Palmer ISD

—Simple Organic
Compounds
Organic Compounds
• Organic compounds—
compounds containing carbon
• All living things contain carbon
• Of the millions of carbon
compounds known today, more
than 90 % are considered organicthe other 10% are found in nonliving things
Bonding
• Carbon has four electrons in its
outer energy level
• Each carbon can form four
covalent bonds w/atoms of carbon
or other elements
• Common uses: fuel, medicines,
dyes, plastics, textile fibers
Arrangement
• Carbon can also link together with
other carbon atoms in many
different arrangements: chains,
branched chains and rings
• It can also form double and triple
bonds as well as single bonds
Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbon—a compound made
up of only carbon and hydrogen
atoms
• Ex: CH4-methane (rep-pg. 641)
• Ex: propane
• Hydrocarbons produce more than
90% of the energy humans use
Single Bonds
• Saturated hydrocarbons—those
containing only single-bonded
carbon atoms
• This means the compound holds as
many hydrogen atoms as
possible—it is saturated
• (saturated fats)
• Table—pg. 642
Multiple Bonds
• Unsaturated Hydrocarbons—
hydrocarbons that contain at least one
double or triple bond
– This allows space for other atoms to bond
to the structure
– Ex: ethene C2H4-contains a triple bond
– Polyunsaturated-hydrocarbons having
more than one double or triple bond
– (poly means many)
Section 2—Other Organic
Compounds
• Aromatic Compounds-one that
contains a benzene structure
having a ring with six carbons
• Ex: cloves, cinnamon, anise,
vanilla, aspirin, wintergreen
• Benzene—has six carbon atoms
bonded into a ring
Substituted Hydrocarbons
• -has one or more of its hydrogen
atoms replaced by atoms or
groups of other elements.
• (chemists change hydrocarbons by
changing them into other
substances (adding double bond,
etc)
Petroleum
• Petroleum—a dark flammable
liquid/crude oil found deep within
Earth
– Formed from the remains of fossilized
material—fossil fuel
– A mixture of thousands of carbon
compounds
Separation of Petroleum
• Chemists and engineers separate
petroleum using the different
boiling points of the different
carbon compounds in petroleum
• Fractional distillation-the
separation process that takes
place in petroleum refineries
Fractional Distillation
• Figure 13, pg. 651
• Illustrates fractional process
• Some fractions are used directly
for fuel—those from the top of the
tower ex: propane, butane
• The fractions containing 5 to 10
carbons are used for gas and
solvents
Polymers
• Polymers—when smaller
molecules from petroleum link
together, to make new, extremely
large molecules
• Monomer—small molecule, which
forms a link in the polymer chain
• Ex: Polyethylene-plastic bags, bottles
and Polypropylene—glues and carpets
Designing Polymers
• The properties of polymers depend
mostly on which monomers are used to
make them
• Like hydrocarbons, polymers can have
branches in their chains
• Ex: polystyrene—used for CD cases
and opaque foam cups,
• Other polymers can be spun into
threads to be used as fibers
Other Petroleum Products
• After petroleum is separated, the
different fractions can be
converted into substituted
hydrocarbons
• Ex: medicines, insecticides,
printers’ ink and flavorings
• Ex: saccharin (related to toluene,
a substituted benzene ring)
Section 4-Biological
Compounds
• Biological polymers—huge
molecules made of many smaller
monomers that are linked
together, but usually more
complex in structure
• Ex: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
Proteins
• Proteins—large organic polymers
formed from organic monomers
called amino acids
• Proteins account for 15 % of body
weight (muscles/tendons/hair,etc)
• Amino Acids—protein monomers
that combine to form proteins
More about proteins
• -NH-2 group is the amine group
• -COOH group is the carboxylic acid
group
• Both groups appear in every amino
acid
• Amino acids are held together by
peptide bonds (50 or more held
together is then a protein)
Nucleic acids
• Nucleic acids—another important
group of organic polymers
essential for life/
– They control the activities and
reproduction of cells
– DNA—deoxyribonucleic acid—one
kink of nucleic acid (in nucleus of
cells, contains genetic code)
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates—compounds
containing carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen that have twice as many
hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms
• Carbohydrates include the sugars
and starches
Carb’s-Sugars and Starches
• Sugars—ex: fructose, glucose
– They provide quick energy soon after
eating
Starches—ex: pasta, potatoes,
etc.
Provide high-energy, long-lasting
energy that can be stored in liver and
muscle cells
LIPIDS
• Lipids—fats, oils and related
compounds
• They contain the same elements as
carb’s, but in different proportions
• Fats/Oils: At room temp, fats are
normally solids and oils are usually
liquids
• Cholesterol: found in fish, eggs, butter,
cheese, meats, bile
• If you never eat cholesterol, your body
will make its own