Transcript DNA and Relationships

ANIMAL
CLASSIFICATION
I. TAXONOMY identification and
classification
• Carl Linnaeus 1758
Physician to King of
Sweden
• Binomial Nomenclature
• named and described
all that was known to
Europeans
• Based his system on
physical features and
biogeography
HERE’S THE REASONING
• - grouped according to physical similarities
• - physical similarities is a result of genetics
• - genetics reflects common ancestry
Phylogeny- shows evolutionary
relationships
• - phylogenetic tree
• - shared common ancestor is a link
• - time is usually
present
- time is usually present
Creating a phylogenetic tree based on
amino acid differences in hemoglobin
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PRACTICE EXAMPLE
Organism
A 0
B 5
C 17
D 8
E 3
F 34
Creating a phylogenetic tree based on
amino acid differences in hemoglobin
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PRACTICE EXAMPLE
Organism
A 0
B 5
C 17
D 8
E 3
F 34
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Do you get the same “tree” using
data from anatomy and data from
biochemistry?
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
0
11
45
1
9
31
21
14
Do you get the same “tree” using
data from anatomy and data from
biochemistry?
MAN
FUNGI
DUCK
RABBIT
MOTH
SNAKE
MONKEY
TUNA
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Do you get the same “tree” using
data from anatomy and data from
biochemistry?
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
0
11
45
1
9
31
21
14
MAN
DUCK
FUNGI
MONKEY
RABBIT
MOTH
TUNA
SNAKE
PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION
• MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERGENCE related
organisms become less similar due to different
environmental circumstances . Develop features
to suit their habitat
• MORPHOLOGICAL CONVERGENCE
organisms may have similar features but are
unrelated. This results from being exposed to
similar environmental conditions
• (ex. wombat vs. ground hog )
B. WHAT IS A SPECIES?
(show powerpoint examples of hybrids)
• Biological - can interbreed
– exceptions zedonk, tiglons, orchids, Ligers,
peekapoo
• Morphological- members look similar to
each other
• (be careful about convergence)
• cacti and euphorbia
• frogs species (dif. Behaviors)
Wolf/dog hybrid
Liger or tiglon
Zonkey or zedonk
Rat/squirrel hybrid
Llamal llama/camel hybrid
Wholphin
Modern Species definition
• species- organisms that look similar and
can interbreed in nature to produce fertile
offspring (implies living close together)
II. MODERN EVIDENCE
(used to create groups)
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- comparative anatomy
- cell structure
- Biogeography
- development "embryology"
- biochemistry
- paleontology
- DNA
III. The FOSSIL RECORD (HOW
IS EVIDENCE EXPOSED?)
• Erosion
• Mining, digging
• Uplift
III. The FOSSIL RECORD (HOW
IS EVIDENCE EXPOSED?)
• Erosion
• Mining, digging
• Uplift
2 IMPORTANT LOCATIONS
• Edia Cara Hills Australia
• Burgess Shale (British Columbia) Canada
Classifying ancient
species
EDIA CARA HILLS (Australia)
• - not much on origins
• - 630 mybp preserved burrows and few
soft bodied animals
BURGESS SHALE (Canada)
• --570 mybp Burgess Shale in southern
British Columbia
• -all phyla represented simultaneously?
630 million years ago
Ediacara Hills
SOFT BODIES
FLATWORMS
British Columbia, Canada
Burgess Shale
570 million years ago
Land Slide !
• Covered
large
region
quickly
Fossils
Today the sea floor is uplifted
Where does this occur today?
• in locations like ????
• Extinct volcanoes, islands, thermal vents,
Death Valley (oasis)
Or…
• Mass extinctions- opportunities for
ADAPATIVE RADIATION
• Variations already exist in the phyla
• Burst of rapid evolution of a lineage,
resulting in formation of new species in a
wide range of habitats
The Rate of Evolution
• Gradualism-(Darwin) small changes
accumulate over a long period of time.
(Transitional fossils would be expected)
• Punctuated Equilibrium- (Stephen J.
Gould) long periods of uneventful time
passes until a catastrophe creates
opportunities for new species to flourish.
Little change is punctuated by rapid
evolution of new species.
QUIZ TOPICS
• Evaluate or create a phylogenetic tree
• Taxonomic hierarchy
• Significance of Edia Cara Hills and
Burgess Shale