Transcript Macromolecule notes

YOU ARE
WHAT YOU
EAT!
BIOCHEMISTRY
UNIT
Chapter 2,
Sections 3 & 4
Pages 44-48, 51-53
What is an Organic
Compound?
• Anything that contains
the following two
elements:
Carbon & Hydrogen
I. The Role of Carbon
A.
Carbon can bond with numerous other
elements
1. Carbon has 4 free e- in it’s outer energy
level
2. It has the ability to form up to 4
covalent bonds
B.
Types of Bonds
(When 2 Carbon atoms bond)
1. Single – each carbon shares only 1 e-.
2. Double – each carbon shares 2 e-.
3. Triple – each carbon shares 3 e-.
II. Building Organic
Molecules
A. Macromolecules
- Large molecules containing
hundreds of atoms.
- Can vary greatly in size.
Example: Proteins
B. Polymer
- Large molecules formed
when many smaller
molecules bond together.
- They generally form long
chain-like molecules.
Example:
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
1. Polymers are created as well
as broken apart by two
processes!
a. Condensation Reactions
- Small molecules are bonded
together to make a larger one.
- Each molecule loses either a
–H or –OH group in order to
bond.
- As a result, for each bond 1
water molecule is formed.
A + B = C + H 2O
b. Hydrolysis Reactions
- Refers to the breaking
apart of a polymer.
- Occurs during the digestion
of food molecules!
C + H2O = A + B
III. MACROMOLECULES
A. Carbohydrates
1. AKA – Sugars, starches,
fiber, grains, & roughage.
2. Jobs & Function: Are used
by the cell to store &
release energy.
3. Elements Present: Carbon,
Hydrogen, and Oxygen
a. Ratio - 1C : 2H : 1O
4. Building Blocks
a. Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars)
- 1 sugar molecule
Examples:Glucose and Fructose
b. Disaccharides
- 2 monosaccharides combined
Example: Sucrose (Table Sugar)
(Glucose and Fructose
combined via a “
?
“
reaction.)
c. Polysaccharides – 3 or more
monosaccharides combined
Examples:
Starch (plant food storage),
Cellulose (in plant cell walls),
and Glycogen (animal food
storage).
B. Lipids
1. AKA – Fats & Oils
2. Jobs & Function:
1. Major part of cell membranes
2. Long-term energy storage
3. Insulation.
3. Organic compounds composed of
the elements:
Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen
a. No specific ratio of C : H : O.
4. Building Blocks
- Fats & Glycerol
5.
Examples:
a. Saturated Fats
- Solid at room temperature
- All single bonds between
carbons!
Examples are:Butter & Lard
b. Unsaturated Fats
- Liquid @ room temperature
- One or more double
bonds between carbons!
- Oils (vegetable, olive, corn
sesame, etc….)
6. Cholesterol
a.
Soft waxy substance found in your
bloodstream with lipids.
b.
Used to form cell membranes, some
hormones, and is needed for other cell
functions.
c.
Lipoproteins
1. Transport cholesterol to & from cells.
a. LDL (Low-Density-Lipoprotein)
“Bad Cholesterol”
1. Carries cholesterol in the
blood. Too much can form
plaque in arteries.
b. HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)
“Good Cholesterol”
1. Takes cholesterol out of
blood and back to liver.
7. TransFats (Hydrogenated Oils)
a. Made by “hydrogenating” oils to
make them solid.
b. Hydrogenating means
“adding hydrogen.”
c. When consumed, increases
your LDL concentration.
C.
Proteins
1. Large polymer composed of:
C, H, O, N, and S.
2. Essential for all life.
3. Building Blocks
a. Proteins are made of amino
acids (20 Types of A.A.’s)
1. Amino Acids are
linked together by
condensation reactions.
4. Jobs & Functions
a. Makes up fibers of Muscles
b. Make-up antibodies
c. Make-up Enzymes
(Enzymes allow reactions to occur)
d. Used as messengers (transport
oxygen in bloodstream)
5. Examples:
Antibodies, Enzymes, Hair, Muscles,
& “Some” Vitamins
Amino Acid Structure
Parts: (Page 47 in textbook)
1. Amino Group
2. Carboxyl Group
3. Functional Group (R-Group)
Linking Amino Acids:
D. Nucleic Acids
1. Definition
- A complex macromolecule that
stores information in the form of a
code.
2. Building Blocks
- Made up of smaller subunits called
nucleotides.
3. Elements Present
- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Nitrogen, and Phosphorus.
4. Jobs & Functions
a. Contain Hereditary Information
b. Contain instructions on how to
make proteins.
5. Examples
a. DNA – The master copy of an
organism’s information code.
b. RNA – Codes for a copy of DNA
used in protein synthesis.