Transcript 1.1-IMS-CHEM.Macromolecules

Macromolecules
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Organic Compounds
• Compounds that contain CARBON
are called organic.
• Macromolecules are large organic
molecules.
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Macromolecules
• Large organic molecules.
• Also called POLYMERS.
• Made up of smaller “building blocks”
called MONOMERS.
• 4 Macromolecules:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleiccopyright
acids
(DNA and RNA)
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates
• Small sugar molecules to large
sugar molecules.
• End in “OSE” (cellulose, glucose
etc)
• Carbohydrates Function: …
1. give you energy
2. Provide fiber
3. Build cell wall (cellulose)
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Carbohydrates
Building blocks:
Monosaccharide (little sugar)-one sugar unit
Examples:
glucose
glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribose
ribose
Fructose
Galactose
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Carbohydrates
Maritime and Macromolecules
FISH
PLANTS
(AQUATIC)
• What are the 2
living
organisms you
see in this
picture?
• What types of
cells are the
plants made
of?
• What
macromolecul
e do the fish
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Carbohydrates
Maritime and Macromolecules
FISH
PLANTS
(AQUATIC)
• What
macromolecule
do the fish get
from the plants?
• How does
eating the plant
effect the fish?
Use the
following words:
– FIBER
– Energy
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Carbohydrates
Maritime and Macromolecules
NO
CARBOHYDRATES
TO EAT=NO
ENERGY=
DEAD FISH
FISH
PLANTS
(AQUATIC)
• FIBER- Helps
the fish’s
digestive
system.
• ENERGY- Fish
eat the plants
and break down
the sugars in
the plants to
make energy.
• What if there
were no plants
to eat?
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Maritime Science Question #1:
Maritime Science Question:
#1 (of 4)- Why do fish rely on plants?
Why would a loss of plant life result in
dead fish?
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Lipids
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Lipids
• Are not soluble in water (do not dissolve).
• Lipid Function:
1. Remember “stores the most energy”
2. Builds the cell membrane
• Examples: 1. Fats
2. Phospholipids (cell membrane)
3. Oils
4. Waxes
5. Steroid hormones
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Lipids
Six functions of lipids:
1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against heat loss
(insulation)
3. Protection against physical shock
4. Protection against water loss
6. Make up cell membranes
(phospholipids)
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Lipids
Building Blocks:
composed of 1 glycerol and 3
fatty acids.
H
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
fatty acids
H-C----O C-CH -CH -CH -CH
2
2
2
H
glycerol
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Lipids
Maritime and Macromolecules
• Lipids have a variety of functions
in aquatic animals• energy source
• insulation
• buoyancy (floating)
• echo location
• Whale blubber (fat) was once
very important to humans.
SOURCE:http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/lipids/waxes/index.htm-15
Lipids
Maritime and Macromolecules
• Echolocation:
• The ability that marine animals
(and bats) possess that enables
them to “SEE” with their ears
by listening for echoes.
• The echo passes through the
melon (rounded region of a
dolphin’s head) which is made of
lipids.
• The melon acts as an acoustical
lens to focus these sound waves
into a beam, which is projected
forward into water in front of
the animal (Barnes, 1990).
SOURCE:http://www.seaworld.org/infobooks/bottlenose/echodol.html-16
Lipids
Maritime and Macromolecules
Lipids in bird feathers• Why would part of the
bird’s feather be made of
lipids?
• The lipids give a waterproof layer to the feathers.
SOURCE:http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/lipids/waxes/index.htm-17
Maritime Science Question #2:
Maritime Science Question:
#2 (of 4)- Why do fish rely on plants?
Why would a loss of plant life result in
dead fish?
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Proteins
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Proteins (Polypeptides)
• Building Blocks:
• Amino acids (20 different kinds of “aa”)
bonded together by peptide bonds
(polypeptides).
•
•
•
•
Functions of
Movement:
Structural:
Enzymes:
proteins:
Builds muscles
Builds tissue (skin/hair/nails)
Speed reaction rates
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Proteins
Maritime and Macromolecules
• Complete Proteins- Have
ALL 20 amino acids (animal
products).
• Incomplete ProteinsContains only SOME of the
amino acids
(beans/rice/vegetables etc)
Proteins
Maritime and Macromolecules
Crabs• Are they good for you?
• Why?
• Are they bad for you?
• Why?
Read article from
Conrad’s Crabs in order
to explain whether or not
crabs are a healthy food.
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Maritime Science Question #3:
Maritime Science Question:
#3 (of 4)- Why is protein important in
your diet? What marine sources of food
provide complete proteins?
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Nucleic
Acids
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Nucleic acids
• Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNAdouble helix)
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single
strand)
• Building Blocks• Nucleotides: Nucleic acids are
composed of long chains of nucleotides.
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Nucleic acids
• Nucleotides (building block) include:
phosphate
sugar
nitrogenous bases:
DNA:
adenine (A)-thymine (T)
guanine (G)-cytosine (C)
RNA:
uracil (U)-adenine (A)
guanine
(G)-cytosine
(C)
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Nucleotide
Phosphate
Group
O
O=P-O
O
5
CH2
O
N
C1
C4
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3copyright cmassengale
C2
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5
DNA
double
helix
O
3
3
O
P
5
O
C
G
1
P
5
3
2
4
4
2
3
1
P
T
5
A
P
3
O
O
P
5
O
3
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5
P
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Solve this following DNA
Strand:
DNA STRAND=
COMPLIMENTARY
STRAND=
ATG GGC CTA TGA
TAC _____ _____ _____
What if we turn a strand of DNA into
RNA?
DNA STRAND=
RNA STRAND=
GGG AAA CCC TTT
_____ UUU ____ _____
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Solve this following DNA
Strand:
DNA STRAND=
COMPLIMENTARY
STRAND=
ATG GGC CTA TGA
TAC CCG GAT ACT
What if we turn a strand of DNA into RNA?
DNA STRAND=
RNA STRAND=
GGG AAA CCC TTT
CCC UUU GGG AAA
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Nucleic Acids
Maritime and Macromolecules
devil firefish
lion fish
Purple fire fish
What 2 fish do you think are most closely related?
Use DNA strands to
DEVIL FIREFISHLIONFISHPURPLE FIREFISH-
solve it!
AAG CGA AAT TTA
AAG CGA AAT TTC
ATG CGA AAT TTG
http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=96331
Nucleic Acids
Maritime and Macromolecules
devil firefish
lion fish
Purple fire fish
What 2 fish do you think are most closely related?
Use DNA strands to
DEVIL FIREFISHLIONFISHPURPLE FIREFISH-
solve it!
AAG CGA AAT TTA
AAG CGA AAT TTC
ATG CGA AAT TTG
http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=96332
UNKNOWN SPECIES 1
Maritime
Science
Question #4:
CRAB SPECIES 1
CRAB SPECIES 2
CRAB SPECIES 3
CRAB SPECIES 4
Maritime Science Question:
#4 (of 4)- A new type of crab was found in the inner
harbor. Geneticist have extracted DNA samples
from other crab species in order to identify which
type of crab that this crab is related to.
Use the above DNA strands in order to explain which
species of crab that the unknown species is related
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to.
Evaluation
Match the following:
1. Stores energy
2. Provides immediate energy
3. Genetic information
4. Builds muscles and tissue
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Protein
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids
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BEYOND HSA SLIDES
BELOW:
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Fatty Acids
There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see
these on food labels:
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds
(bad)
O
saturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds
(good)
O
unsaturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
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Carbohydrates
Disaccharide: two monosaccharides
together
Examples:
– Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
– Lactose (glucose+galactose)
– Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose
glucose
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Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide: many monosacharides
together.
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
cellulose
glucose
glucose
glucose
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glucose
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Proteins (Polypeptides)
Four levels of protein structure:
A.Primary Structure
B. Secondary Structure
C. Tertiary Structure
D.Quaternary Structure
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Primary Structure
Amino acids bonded together
by peptide bonds (straight
chains)
Amino Acids (aa)
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa6
Peptide Bonds
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Secondary Structure
• 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a
primary structure into coils and pleats
held together by hydrogen bonds.
• Two examples:
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
Hydrogen Bonds
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Tertiary Structure
• Secondary structures bent and folded
into a more complex 3-D arrangement
of linked polypeptides
• Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide
bridges (S-S)
• Call a “subunit”.
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
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Quaternary Structure
• Composed of 2 or more
“subunits”
• Globular in shape
• Form in Aqueous environments
• Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)
subunits
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