Transcript Modern World Chapter 14

Renaissance and
Reformation
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Renaissance Italy
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Why Did the Renaissance Begin in
Italy?
New interest in ancient Rome
The cities of Italy
Survived the Middle Ages
Trade and manufacturing.
Wealthy merchant class
Education and individual
achievement
Spent lavishly on the arts.
Florence
Gifted poets, artists,
architects, scholars, and
scientists.
City of Florence, Italy
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What Was the Renaissance?
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The Renaissance was a time of
creativity and change
social, economic, and cultural
changes the way people
viewed themselves and their
world
Renaissance thinkers
 explored the human
experience in the here and
now
 emphasized individual
achievement.
The Renaissance ideal was the
person with talent in many
fields.
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Humanism
Humanism
the study of classical
culture,
worldly subjects rather
than on religious issues.
Humanities, the subjects
taught in ancient Greece
and Rome
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Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New
Themes and Techniques
PAINTERS
WRITERS
Wrote self-help books to help
ambitious men and women rise
in the Renaissance world
Developed realistic style
Learned rules of perspective
Used shading to make objects
look round and real
Studied human anatomy
Used live models
ARCHITECTS
Rejected Gothic style
Adopted columns, domes, and
arches that had been favored
by the Greeks and Romans
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Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art
LEONARDO
Made sketches of
nature and of models
Dissected corpses to
learn how the human
body worked
Masterpieces include
Mona Lisa and The Last
Supper
Studied botany,
anatomy, optics, music,
architecture, and
engineering
Made sketches for
flying machines and
undersea boats
MICHELANGELO
RAPHAEL
Talented sculptor,
engineer, painter,
architect, and poet
Studied the works of
Michelangelo and
Leonardo
Sculpted the Pieta and
statue of David
Paintings blended
Christian and classical
styles
Painted huge mural to
decorate the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel in Rome
Designed the dome for St.
Peter’s Cathedral in Rome
Best known for
paintings of the
Madonna, the biblical
mother of Jesus
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Artists of the Northern
Renaissance
The Northern Renaissance began in Flanders
later spread to Spain, France, Germany, and England.
Albrecht Durer – Germany
“German Leonardo.”
Jan and Hubert van Eyck
painted townspeople in rich, realistic detail-oil paint.
Pieter Bruegel -peasant life, influenced later Flemish artists.
Peter Paul Reubens blended Flemish with the Italian Renaissance.
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Northern Humanists
Northern humanists stressed
education and classical learning
Revival of ancient learning
Religious and moral reforms.
Two humanists:
Desiderius Erasmus
Reform of the church
Bible to be translated from
Latin
Thomas More
Social reform
Utopian society.
Erasmus
More
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The Printing Revolution
Printing revolution
 1456-Johann Gutenberg
 Movable type
IMPACT:
 Cheaper and easier
 More people learned to
read.
 Broad range of
knowledge and ideas.
Writers of the Northern
Renaissance
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RABELAIS
French humanist
who was a monk,
physician, Greek
scholar, and
author
Offered opinions
on religion,
education, and
other subjects in
Gargantua and
Pantagruel.
SHAKESPEARE
English poet who
was the towering
figure of
Renaissance
literature
Wrote 37 plays
that are still
performed around
the world
His love of words
vastly enriched
the English
language.
CERVANTES
Spanish author
who wrote Don
Quixote, which
mocks
romantic
notions about
medieval
chivalry
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The Protestant Reformation
1500s-Protestant
Reformation
Calls for Reform
Protestants
“protested” papal
authority.
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Abuses in the Church
The Church gets caught
up in worldly affairs
 Popes competed and
Italian princes
 Popes fought long wars
over Papal States
 Indulgences
 Popes led lavish lifestyles
 The Church increased
fees
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Weddings, baptisms etc.
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The Teachings of Martin
Luther
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95 Theses
Salvation=faith alone
Luther rejected that
good deeds were
necessary for
salvation
The Bible
Luther denied other
authorities
All Christians have equal
access to God
Priests and Churchspecial powers
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Why did Luther’s ideas receive such
support?
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Germany and
Scandinavia
Answer to Church
corruption.
German princes
National loyalty.
Peasants
John Calvin
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Followed Luther
Predestination
Theocracy-Geneva
Spread to Germany,
France, Scotland,
England
Persecution
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Radical Reformers
New Protestant sects sprang up
More radical than Luther and
Calvin.
Anabaptists
rejected infant baptism
abolish private property
violence to speed up judgment
day
religious tolerance
separation of Church and state
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England and the Church
In 1528, King Henry VIII asked the pope to
annul his marriage.
The pope refused Henry’s request.
Henry took the Church from the pope’s
control and created the Church of England.
Protestant King Edward VI brought Protestant
reforms to England.
Queen Mary wanted to restore Catholicism to
England. She had hundreds of English
Protestants burned at the stake.
Queen Elizabeth forged a compromise
between
Protestants and Catholics.
King Henry’s Wives
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The Catholic Reformation
•Pope
Paul III
Moral authority of the
Church
• Called the Council of
Trent
• Strengthened the
Inquisition
• Jesuits
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Causes and Effects of the
Protestant Reformation
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Immediate Effects
Long-Term Effects
Peasants’ Revolt
Religious wars in Europe
Founding of Lutheran,
Calvinist, Anglican,
Presbyterian, and other
Protestant churches
Catholic Reformation
Weakening of Holy
Roman Empire
Jewish migration to
Eastern Europe
Luther calls for Jews to be
expelled from Christian
lands
Increased anti-Semitism
Strengthening of the
Inquisition
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Widespread Persecution
Both Catholics and
Protestants fostered
intolerance
Catholics killed Protestants
and Protestants
killed Catholics
1450-1750 witch hunts
Jewish Persecution
Ghettos
Major European Religions
about 1600
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Changing Views of the
Universe
Until
the mid-1500s, Europeans
accepted Ptolemy’s theory
1543
Nicolaus Copernicus
Heliocentric
1500s
Tycho Brahe
Set
up an observatory
Johannes
Ellipse
Galileo
Keppler
Galilei
Telescope
Confirmed the heliocentric model
Galileo was tried before the
Inquisition
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The Scientific Method
This new approach to science depended on observation and
experimentation.
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Scientific Advances
The 1500s and 1600s saw breakthroughs in many branches of
science.
Isaac Newton
proposed the law of
gravity.
Robert Boyle differentiated
elements from compounds
Andreas Vesalius published
the first accurate study of
human anatomy.
William Harvey
described the
circulation of blood.
Ambroise Pare developed an
ointment for preventing infection,
technique for stitching wounds.
Anthony von Leeuwenhoek
perfected the microscope, first
human to see cells and
microorganisms.