Transcript DNA and Transcription Tutorial

DNA and Transcription Tutorial
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Genes and
DNA
DNA can be divided into
segments called genes.
It is estimated that
human DNA is
composed of ~25,000
genes among its 46 total
chromosomes.
Quick Review. What is the
monomer of a protein?
monosaccharide
amino acid
nucleotides
fatty acid
Monosaccharides link to create a carbohydrate.
Fatty acids link to create a lipid.
Nucleotides link to create a nucleic acid.
Genes
Genes (small sections of
DNA) are blueprints to
make proteins for use
throughout the body.
Genes are found inside the
nucleus of cells, but
proteins are created
outside of the nucleus.
Quick review. Which
organelle creates
proteins?
mitochondria
chloroplast
lysosome
ribosome
Mitochondria creates ATP energy.
Lysosomes destroy microorganisms.
Chloroplasts create sugar by photosynthesis.
Meet Melissa
Melissa is an architect and has
designed a new high-rise
apartment complex.
The construction blueprint holds the
information needed to create the
high-rise apartment complex.
A gene is like the construction
blueprints. The gene holds the
information needed to make a
protein.
Quick Review. Which cells contain
the diploid chromosome number?
Nerve cells
Egg cells
Sperm cells
All cells
Sex cells are always haploid. Non-sex cells are
always diploid.
Transcription
The DNA undergoes a process called
transcription. Transcription is the
process where the DNA code of a
gene is used to make a molecule
called messenger RNA (mRNA).
Examine the picture. The red letters
are DNA nucleotides. The green
letters are mRNA being created.
Notice how mRNA nucleotides are
attaching to the DNA sequence.
Quick review: Where is DNA stored?
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Vesicle
Vacuole
The cytoplasm is the liquid portion inside the cell.
Most parts float in it…but not the DNA.
Vesicles usually contain and transport proteins
around the cell.
Vacuoles store food and water molecules.
Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An
enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that
holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
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Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An
enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that
holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
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Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An
enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that
holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
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Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An
enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that
holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
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RNA
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Nitrogen
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Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An
enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that
holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
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RNA
polymerase
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Nitrogen
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Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An
enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that
holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
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RNA
polymerase
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Nitrogen
base
sugar
phosphate
Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An
enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that
holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
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RNA
polymerase
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Nitrogen
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Transcription (continued)
Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An
enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that
holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.
One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.
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polymerase
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Nitrogen
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Transcription (continued)
Now that the DNA has been separated, free-floating mRNA
nucleotides bond to the now open DNA nucleotides.
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Transcription Rules
Now that the DNA has been separated, free-floating mRNA
nucleotides bond to the now open DNA nucleotides.
When performing transcription, remember the table below.
DNA
mRNA
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Predicting Transcription
Use the transcription table to predict which mRNA nucleotide will
match the DNA nucleotide.
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Predicting Transcription
Use the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will
match the DNA nucleotide.
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Predicting Transcription
Use the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will
match the DNA nucleotide.
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Predicting Transcription
Use the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will
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Predicting Transcription
Use the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will
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Predicting Transcription
Use the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will
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Predicting Transcription
Use the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will
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Predicting Transcription
Now that the mRNA is complete, it will detach from the DNA…
Exit the nucleus… And then hook up with a ribosome.
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Predicting Transcription
Now that the mRNA is complete, it will detach from the DNA…
Exit the nucleus… And then hook up with a ribosome.
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Fate of the DNA?
Once the mRNA breaks away, the DNA will recombine.
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Fate of the DNA?
Once the mRNA breaks away, the DNA will recombine.
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The final stage.
Remember Melissa? Her blueprint for the apartment
complex needs to be copied and then taken to the
construction site. In this analogy, Melissa would fax
the blueprints over to the construction site. The fax
would be the mRNA. The construction site is the
ribosome.
Now that a copy of the blueprint has arrived, the
construction team can begin to build the apartment
complex. In a cell, now that the mRNA has arrived,
the ribosome has the instructions to begin to make a
protein.
The final stage.
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ribosome
mRNA makes a copy of the DNA…
the mRNA exits the nucleus…
the mRNA links up with a ribosome.
Once at the ribosome, the process called translation will begin. Translation is
the process where a ribosome builds a protein. The details of translation will be
discussed another day. For now, let’s review.
Final Review #1
What will eventually be created by the DNA code
of a gene?
ribosome
protein
nucleolus
Ribosomes create proteins.
The nucleolus makes ribosomes.
Final Review #2
RNA polymerase separates DNA at the start of
which process?
transcription
translation
replication
Translation is the process which creates proteins.
Replication is the process which copies DNA.
Final Review #3
RNA polymerase is a type of which organic
molecule?
Nucleic acid
carbohydrate
lipid
enzyme
Monomer
Polymer
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide Polysaccharide
Lipid
Fatty acid
Lipid
Protein
Amino acid
Protein
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
Nucleic acid
Review the table.
Final Review #4
Which shows the process of transcription done
properly?
Key
Black = DNA
Red = mRNA
DNA
mRNA
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Remember, the transcription table?
Final Review #5
After exiting the nucleus, where will the finished
mRNA travel?
mitochondria
ribosome
nucleolus
mRNA does not travel to a ribosome.
The nucleolus is inside the nucleus. This can’t be the
answer.
Final Review #6
Once arriving at the ribosome, which process will
begin next?
replication
transcription
translation
Replication makes a copy of DNA. It takes place inside
the nucleus.
Transcription creates mRNA from DNA. It takes place
inside the nucleus.
I hope this tutorial was helpful. This will be posted on my
website for you to review at any time. Turn in your handout.
Feel free to start over if you would like to do some review.
DNA
mRNA
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Review the transcription table and click the return
button below.
DNA
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Review the transcription table and click the return
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DNA
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Review the transcription table and click the return
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DNA
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Review the transcription table and click the return
button below.
DNA
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Review the transcription table and click the return
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DNA
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Review the transcription table and click the return
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DNA
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Review the transcription table and click the return
button below.