Transcript Substance Use and Abuse

Substance Use and
Abuse
Chapter 13
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Outline
Drugs versus dietary supplements
 Drugs and exercise

– Everyday drugs
– Illegal drugs

Ergogenic aids and exercise
– Allowed ergogenic aids
– Banned ergogenic aids
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Drugs Versus Dietary
Supplements
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Drugs

Defined:
1. Substances used as medications or in the
preparation of medication. {Food and Drug Act}
2. Substances that cause addiction, habituation, or
a marked change in consciousness


Addiction: compulsive physiological need
Habituation: tolerance to the drug effects
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Dietary Supplements

Ingredients found in food

Processed to provide one
or more micro and
macronutrients
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Drugs and Exercise
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Every Day Drugs
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CAFFEINE
•Addiction
NICOTINE
ALCOHOL
•Habituation
•Changes in
consciousness
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Caffeine

Found in:
–
–
–
–
–
Coffee beans
Tea leaves
Cocoa beans
Cola nuts
Energy drinks

400 to 450 mg (~2 cups of brewed coffee) not
associated with adverse effects

12mg IOC limit (~4-7 cups of brewed coffee)
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Caffeine
CNS stimulant
Increases
alertness
Increases
fat burning
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Non-user
side effects
•Insomnia
•Headaches
•Irritability
•Nervousness
•Elevated HR
•High BP 10
Alcohol
Depressant
 No ergogenic effect

12 ounces
=
5 ounces
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=
1 ounce
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Alcohol
Psychological
Effects
Anti-tremor
Effects
•Reduced tension
•Reduced anxiety
•Enhanced
self-confidence
•Promotion of
aggression
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Negative
Side Effects
•Motor
coordination
•Hand and eye
coordination
•Reaction time
•Information
processing
•Decision
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Nicotine
Stimulant
 No ergogenic effects
 Harmful and dangerous to almost ALL
levels of body functioning

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Nicotine
Decreases
oxygen
carrying
capacity
Restricts oxygen
supply
Increases
oxygen demand
Alters
blood and
airflow
Increases HR &
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BP
Decreases
temperature
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Nicotine:
IRRITANT AND
CARCINOGENIC
HEALTHY LUNG Sport Books Publisher
SMOKER’S LUNG
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Illegal Drugs
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ILLEGAL
DRUGS
Stimulants
+
Cocaine,
crack,
ecstasy,
etc.
Depressants
Hallucinogens
Anabolic
Steroids
Opiates
Cannabis
_
Barbiturates,
anavar,
dianabol, etc.
LSD, PCP,
mushrooms
etc.
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Heroin,
morphine,
codeine etc.
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Cannabis

Types:
– Marijuana
– Hashish
– Hash oil
– Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
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Cannabis
Psychological
Effects
•Feelings of
calm and relaxation
•Talkativeness
Cognitive
Effects
Physical
Effects
•Impairs
Concentration
•Impairs coordination
and balance
•Impairs short-term
Memory
•Increases appetite
•More vibrant
sensory perception
•Alters sense of
time
and space
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•Rapid HR
•Red eyes
•Dry mouth
and throat
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Ergogenic Aids and Exercise
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Ergogenic Aids
Substances that enhance work output,
particularly as it relates to athletic
performance
Include drugs and dietary supplements
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CNS stimulation
Basic
Ergogenic
Mechanisms
Increase substrate
storage
Supplemental
energy source
Facilitation of
recovery
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Allowed Ergogenic Aids
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Vitamins and Minerals

Reasons for supplementation:
–
Athletes’ beliefs:
1. Ensures adequate micronutrient intake
2. “supercharging” elevates performance and training
–
Scientific evidence:
1. Ensures adequate micronutrient intake ONLY for those
athletes who are deficient
2. Not necessary for those who maintain well-balanced
diet
3. “supercharging” maybe harmful to health
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Carbohydrate Loading

“Super”- loading of muscle glycogen
stores
ENDURANCE
PERFORMANCE
GLYCOGEN
STORES
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Carbohydrate Loading: How It’s
Done

Depleting glycogen stores (0-2days)
– Training = heavy
– Diet = mixed

Starving glycogen stores (2-5days)
– Training = reduced
– Diet = fat and protein

Super-loading glycogen stores(5-8days)
– Training = light/taper
– Diet = high carbohydrate content

Race/performance (day 8)
– Super-increased glycogen
stores
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Carbohydrate Loading: Side
Effects
Gastrointestinal discomfort
 Sluggishness
 Increased body weight

Experiment first before using for
performance enhancement !
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Creatine

Natural compound created from three amino acids

Sources:
– Exogenous: meets, poultry, fish
– Endogenous: liver and kidneys

Used by muscles during explosive, powerful
movements

Supplemental form: creatine monohydrate (powder,
tablet, capsule and liquid)

Not banned by anySport
sports
governing body
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Creatine: Ergogenic Actions

Increases lean body
mass (2wks)

Improves highintensity
performance

•Better performance
in strength and
power activities
•Greater overload
Speeds up recovery
rates
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•Increased
muscular endurance
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Creatine: Side Effects
Dehydration
 Diarrhea
 Stomach cramps
 Muscle and
ligament tears

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Banned Ergogenic Aids
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Steroids
Anabolic steroids: duplicate function of
testosterone
 Injected or orally
 Taken in cycles vs. continually
 Stacking:

– Combining multiple types
– Maximizes effectiveness
– Minimizes negative effects
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Steroids: Ergogenic Actions

Increase lean body mass

Increase strength

Increase the ability to train longer and
harder
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Steroids: Negative Effects
FEMALES



Growth of facial hair
Deepened voice
Menstrual cycle
disturbances
BOTH




MALES


Baldness
Development of breasts
Shrinking of testicles
Reduced sperm counts

Infertility






Paranoid jealousy
Extreme irritability
Delusions
Feelings of invincibility
Liver tumors
Jaundice
Fluid retention
High blood pressure
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Ephedra
Extract of the Chinese plant Ma Huang
 Found in weight-loss, energy-boosting,
and bodybuilding products
 Banned by most sports bodies

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Ephedra: Ergogenic Actions
+
+
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Ephedra: Negative Effects

Elevated BP
 Cardiac arrhythmias
 Heart palpitations
 Heart attacks

Psychosis
 Seizures
DEATH
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Blood Doping
 RBC
 oxygen delivery
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 Performance
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Blood Doping: How is it done?
Removing and
storing body’s
RBC
OR
Administering
EPO
Stimulation of
bone marrow
Re-establishment
of normal RBC
count
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Blood Doping: Negative Effects

Increase blood viscosity

Increases loads on heart

Heart damage

Death
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Blood Doping: Issue

Provides truly unfair performance
advantage

Has serious health risks

Almost impossible to detect
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Other drugs and dietary
supplements used by athletes

Table 13.2 in the text
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