Transcript What happens when things go wrong?

What happens when things go wrong?
Sometimes a permanent change occurs in a
cells DNA. This is called a mutation.
There are three main types of mutations:
substitutions, deletions, and insertions.
Substitution
A substitution is when one base is replaced for
another.
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
vs.
THE FAT CCT ATE THE RAT
**Where did the substitution occur?
Substitution
A substitution is when one base is replaced
for another.
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
vs.
THE FAT CCT ATE THE RAT
Deletion
A deletion is when one base is removed.
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
vs.
TEF ATC ATA TET HER AT
**Which base was deleted?
Deletion
A deletion is when one base is removed.
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
vs.
TEF ATC ATA TET HER AT
Insertion
An insertion is when one base is added.
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
vs.
THE EFA TCA TAT ETH ERA T
**Which base was inserted?
Insertion
An insertion is when one base is added.
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
vs.
THE EFA TCA TAT ETH ERA T
What are the causes?
What are the effects?
Mutations can be caused by
1. Environmental factors
2. Mistakes in the body
3. Inheritance
Mutations can be
1. Positive
2. Negative
3. Neutral.
Sometimes certain mutations are associated with diseases
and disorders (can lead to various cancers).
Substitution
A substitution is when one base is replaced
for another.
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
vs.
THE FAT CCT ATE THE RAT
Deletion
A deletion is when one base is removed.
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
vs.
TEF ATC ATA TET HER AT
Insertion
An insertion is when one base is added.
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
vs.
THE EFA TCA TAT ETH ERA T
Insert the DNA base “T” between the two underlined
letters. Then, change the DNA to RNA and determine
the amino acid sequence using the amino acid table.
Original DNA: T A C
GGA
CGA
TCT
CAG
GAG CCT
ATA ATC
Mutated DNA: T A C G G A
CGA
TCT CAG
GAG CCT ATT AATC
Mutated RNA: A U G C C U
GCU
AGA GUC
CUC GGA UAA UUAG
Mutated a.a.’s: Met
Pro
Ala
Arg
Val
Leu
Gly
STOP
Original a.a.’s: Met
Pro
Ala
Arg
Val
Leu
Gly
Tyr
STOP
Is the mutated amino acid sequence the same as the original amino acid sequence?
Will the body receive the same message as it was intended to?