Transcript Carbon Chapter 5: The Large Biological Molecules

Characteristics of Carbon
and
The Large Biological Molecules
Let’s Review!!
What name is given to a molecule that
contains carbon atoms bonded to
other carbon atoms?
Organic
Molecule
What are the four types of organic
compounds?
Carboyhydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
What elements compose each of
these types of organic molecules?
Carboyhydrates – C, H, O
Proteins – C, H, O, N, sometimes S
Lipids – C, H, O
Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, P
What are the characteristics of carbon that make
possible the building of such a wide variety of
organic molecules?
1. Carbon has four valence electrons. It can form four different bonds
with other carbon atoms or other atoms.
2. Carbon can form chains, branches, rings – a wide variety of shapes!
3. Can form unique, 3-D shapes.
4. Can form strong and stable bonds.
5. It form single, double or triple bonds.
6. Carbon compounds to not readily dissociate in water.
7. There is no limit to the size of the molecule.
8. Can bond with a wide variety or other elements and functional
groups.
9. Only carbon has all of these characteristics.
What name is given to an organic molecule
consisting only of carbon and hydrogen?
Hydrocarbon
What name is given to a small, specific group of
atoms that can be attached to a carbon skeleton?
Functional Group
What are the two functions of functional groups?
Functional groups give the
molecule its unique shape.
Functional groups behave a
certain way in chemical
reactions.
What is the name of this functional group?
Where would you find this functional group?
-OH
Hydroxyl
Found in sugar molecules.
Makes molecules very polar.
What is the name of this functional group?
Where would you find this functional group?
-C=O
Carbonyl
Found in sugar molecules.
Makes molecules very polar.
What is the name of this functional group?
Where would you find this functional group?
-COOH
Carboxyl
Found in proteins and lipids.
Makes molecules very polar.
Has acidic properties
What is the name of this functional group?
Where would you find this functional group?
-NH2 or –NH3+
Amino
Found in all amino acids
What is the name of this functional group?
Where would you find this functional group?
-SH
Sulfhydryl
Found in the amino acid cysteine.
Forms disulfide bridges in the
tertiary structure of a protein.
What is the name of this functional group?
Where would you find this functional group?
-PO4
Phosphate
Found in phospholipids, DNA,
RNA, and ATP
What are the building blocks of
carbohydrates?
The simple sugars such as glucose.
How are simple sugar molecules
recognized? What functional groups
will they have?
They always consist of C, H, and O
in a 1:2:1 ratio.
They have both hydroxyl groups
and carbonyl groups.
What are the building blocks of lipids?
Fatty acids and glycerol
How do you recognize glycerol?
It is a 3 carbon compound with
hydroxyl on each carbon. There
is no 1:2:1 ratio.
How do you recognize a fatty acid?
It has a very long carbon skeleton
with a carboxyl group at one
end.
What are the building blocks of
proteins?
Amino Acids
How do you recognize an amino acid?
It consists of a carbon atom bonded to:
1. A carboxyl group
2. An amino group
3. One single hydrogen
4. An “R” group which varies in each amino
acid.
How many amino acids are there?
20
Describe a nitrogenous base.
It is a ringed structure with carbon
and nitrogen alternating in the
ring. It may have a single ring or
a double ring.
Name the nitrogen bases.
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
What are purines and pyrimidines
A purine is a nitrogen base with 2
rings – adenine and guanine.
A pyrimidine is a nitrogen base
with 1 ring – cytosine and
thymine.
What name is given to “giant”
molecules that are formed by the
joining of many smaller molecules?
Macromolecules
A long molecule consisting of many
similar or identical building blocks
linked together by covalent bonds.
Polymer
What are “monomers”?
Smaller molecules that are the
repeating subunits that are
joined together to make
polymers.
What are the monomers of
carbohydrates?
Molecules of simple sugars such as
glucose.
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino Acids
What is a dehydration reaction?
This is the reaction that joins two
monomers together. A water
molecule is removed between
two monomers. One monomer
contributes the “OH” and the
other contributes the “H”
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
Polymers are disassembled to
monomers by hydrolysis. The
bonds are broken by the
addition of a water molecule.
What are three examples of
carbohydrates?
Sugars, starches, and celluloses.
How are the carbohydrates classified?
By the number of sugar
monomers composing them.
What are the three levels of sugar
composition? Describe each.
Monosaccharides – One molecule of sugar.
Disaccharides – Two molecules of sugar bonded
together.
Polysaccharides – Many molecules of sugar
bonded together.
What purpose do the simple sugars
serve? Give 2!
Glucose is the principle energy source of all
living organisms. It is converted to ATP by
the mitochondria.
The carbon skeletons can serve as the raw
materials for the synthesis of other types of
biological molecules.
What is a glycosidic linkage?
It is a covalent bond formed between 2
monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
Give a purpose of disaccharides.
Sugars are transported throughout a plant in
the form of disaccharides.
(Sugars are transported as monosaccharides in
animals.)
What are two types of
polysaccharides?
Structural Polysaccharides
Storage Polysaccharides.
What are the two types of storage
polysaccharide? Define each.
Starch – This is how plants store their excess
glucose molecules. Many, many glucose
molecules are bonded together to form
starch.
Glycogen – This is how animals store excess
glucose. Many molecules of glucose are
bonded together by the liver to form
glycogen.
What are the two types of structural
polysaccharide? Define each.
Cellulose – Forms the tough, fibrous material
found in the cell wall of plants.
Chitin – Used by arthropods to build their
exoskeletons. Used by fungi as the structural
component of their cell wall.
Name the types of lipids.
Fat
Oil
Wax
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
What is a distinguishing characteristic
of lipids?
They are nonpolar and are not soluble in polar
solvents such as water.
What type of molecule is this. Explain
how you know.
It is a simple sugar. There is only C, H, and O
and it is present in a 1:2:1 ratio.
What type of molecules are these?
Explain how you know.
These are amino acids. They have a carbon
atom bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino
group, a single hydrogen and an “R” group.
What type of molecule is this. Explain
how you know.
It is a lipid. It has one molecule of glycerol and
three fatty acid tails.
What type of molecule is this. Explain
how you know.
What is this?
Glycerol
What is this?
Fatty Acid
What type of molecule is this. Explain
how you know.
It is a simple sugar. It has the formula CH2O.
What is a saturated fatty acid?
They contain NO carbon to carbon double
bonds. As many hydrogen atoms as possible
are bonded to the carbon atoms.
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
They DO contain carbon to carbon double
bonds. There will be a “kink” in the tail
wherever a double formed is found.
Why are the unsaturated fatty acids
more healthy for us than the
saturated fatty acids?
The “kinky tails” of the unsaturated fats prevent
them from packing too close together. They
form liquids at room temperature.
The saturated fatty acids have no kinks and will
pack very closely together, forming solids.
These may lead to cardiovascular diseases.
What are some uses of Lipids?
1. Good source of energy.
2. They are used to insulate the body.
3. They cushion the internal organs.
4. Phospholipids are a structural component
of membranes.
How are the phospholipids different
from other fats?
They are composed of glycerol, but only have 2
fatty acid tails instead of three. One tail is
saturated, the other is unsaturated.
Describe how the lipids are arranged
in a membrane.
There is a double layer (bilayer) of lipids in the
membrane. The hydrophilic glycerol head is
found on the outer edge and the inner edge
of the membrane. The hydrophobic fatty
acid tails point to each other across the
middle of the membrane.
What is the importance of this
arrangement?
The glycerol molecules draw water to the
membrane, but the hydrophobic fatty acid
tails make the membrane insoluble in water.
What is the purpose of wax in
biological systems.
Wax is generally used as a water proofing
material on leaves, fruits, feathers, fur.
List some of the purposes of proteins.
1. Enzymes
2. Hormones
3. Transport (hemoglobin)
4. Contractile (muscle tissue)
5. Antibodies
6. Membrane structure
7. Structural proteins
What is a peptide bond?
A covalent bond formed by a dehydration
reaction that links the carboxyl group of one
amino acid to the amino group of another
amino acid.
What is a polypeptide?
A chain of amino acids held together by peptide
bonds. It is not yet a fully functioning
protein.
As proteins go, remember this!
__________ determines __________!!
Shape determines function!
What are the four levels of protein
organization?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The primary structure is the unique sequence of
amino acids that are put together by the
ribosomes of the cell.
What is the secondary structure of a
protein?
The secondary structure is the initial folding and
shaping of the polypeptide. It is the
repetitive folding due to the formation of
hydrogen bonds at regular intervals.
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
Tertiary structure is irregular contortions of a
protein due to bonding between side
chains. Tertiary structure gives the protein
its shape. It is due to hydrophobic
interactions and disulfide bridges.
What are hydrophobic interactions?
It is the clustering of hydrophobic side chains at
the center of the protein.
What are disulfide bridges?
Covalent bonds between the side chains of two
cysteine amino acids. The sulfur of one
cysteine bonds to the sulfur of the second.
What is the quaternary structure of a
protein?
Two or more polypeptide subunits combine to
form a functional protein.
What has happened when a protein has
become denatured?
A denatured protein has lost its unique, 3-D
shape. It is inactive and can no longer carry
out its function.
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA
RNA
What are nucleic acids composed of?
Nucleotides
What are the three components of a
nucleotide?
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base.
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