Transcript Biochemistry

Biochemistry
Elements and Atoms
• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
• Atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter.
• Elements are basic substances that cannot be broken
down into other substances.
• Molecules are formed by the joining of atoms of two
or more elements. (smallest combination that cannot
be divided without changing its chemical and
physical properties)
• Compounds are composed of atoms of different
elements chemically combined.
Atoms
• Atom consists of three subatomic particles
called:
Protons: positive charge
Neutrons: neutral/no charge
Electrons: negative charge
• The center of an atom is called the nucleus
which consists of protons and neutrons.
Periodic Table
12
Atomic Number: Protons
Mg
Symbol
Magnesium
Element
24.305
Protons = Electrons
In a neutral atom
Atomic Mass Number: Protons
(Nucleus)
+
Neutrons
QUESTION: What part of the atom gives the atom its mass??
Cells work on a
chemical level
There are four main
types of molecules
that a cell uses on a
regular basis:
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
Organic Substances/components
Organic Substances – contain Carbon and Hydrogen
• Carbohydrates: made up of simple sugars
• Proteins: made up of amino acids
• Lipids: made up of a glycerol and at least
1 fatty acid
• Nucleic Acids: made up of nucleotides
Organic substances are made of units called
monomers or polymers.
A monomer is a molecule that is
able to bond in long chains.
Here is a monomer:
Here is a
polymer:
Carbohydrates
Characteristics of Carbohydrates
Monomer
Simple sugar molecules
Function
Stores energy and some structures
Examples
glucose, fructose, Starch,
Fact
Usually large molecules
Food
sources
Bread, candy, pasta, vegetables
Video clips come from United
Streaming: Energy and the
Chemistry of Life (39:48)
Lipid
Characteristics of Lipids
Monomer
Function
Fatty acids
Stores energy, forms membranes,
some hormones
Examples
Body fat, cell membranes, testosterone
Fact
Lipids do not dissolve in water but do
dissolve in oils
Candy, red meats, fried foods, dairy
products
Food
sources
Proteins
Characteristics of Proteins
Monomer
amino acids
Function
Makes enzymes (metabolism), forms
structures, some hormones
Examples
Lactase, Insulin, hair, cartilage, muscle
tissue
Fact
All proteins are made of the same 20
amino acids
Food
sources
Meats, nuts, tofu
Enzymes
•
Enzymes are proteins that are used
by the cell to speed up and regulate
metabolic reactions.
•
Enzymes are biological catalysts
that remain unchanged by the
reaction.
Enzymes
The substrate is temporarily bound to its
enzyme at the active site. The enzyme may
change shape slightly to accommodate the
substrate.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4jEZ9Os6QM&feature=related
Nucleic Acids
Characteristics of Nucleic Acids
Made of
Nucleotides
Function
Stores genetic information, directs cell
activity, makes proteins
Examples
DNA and RNA
Fact
DNA is a double helix and RNA is a
single helix
Food
sources
Most foods made from living materials
• Use the following slides to go along with
organic substance foldable.
Organic Substances
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Organic Substances
Carbohydrate
s
Sugars
Starches
Proteins
Meats
Hormones
Muscle
Hair
Nails
Enzymes
Blood Cells
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Fats
Oils
Waxes
DNA
RNA