Transcript 2.1 Molecules to Metabolism 14-15

2.1 Molecules to
Metabolism
IB Biology HL 1
Mrs. Peters
Fall 2014
2.1 Molecules to Metabolism

EI: Living organisms control their
composition by a complex web of
chemical reactions.

NOS: Falsification of theories: the
artificial synthesis of urea helped falsify
vitalism.
Background Information

Organic: anything that
contains carbon

Organic Chemistry: The
chemistry of carbon
compounds
•
Biochemistry: the
chemistry characteristics
of living organisms
U1. Molecular Biology


Molecules are important to living
organisms
Molecules are classified into 4
biochemical groups and water
U1. Molecular Biology

4 biochemical groups
• Nucleic Acids
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
U1. Molecular Biology


Each molecule has a specific structure
and function
Biochemical molecules work together to
ensure the cells needs are met
U1. Molecular Biology

Cell Needs Example: Read the
scenario.
U2. Carbon


Versatile atom which acts
as a building block for
molecules
Has 6 electrons, accepts 4
readily
U2. Carbon


Uses covalent bonds to
share electrons
Carbon atoms can bond to
each other, easily, forming
chains or rings
U2.Carbon Structures

Variation in structures
•
•
Length: a chain of carbon
atoms
Branching: a chain of carbon
atoms with a “branch”
attached
U2.Carbon Structures

Variation in structures
•
•
Double Bonds: two bonds
between two carbon
atoms
Rings: carbon atoms
forming bonds with each
other in a ring
U2. Hydrocarbons



Simplest organic
molecule containing
only carbon and
hydrogen
Tend to be
hydrophobic
Examples:
•
•
Fats
petroleum
S2. Functional Groups

A group of atoms
bonded to carbon
molecules
S2. Functional Groups
Hydroxyl group
(-OH)

•
•
•
•
Called alcohols
Name ends in –ol
Polar molecules
Ex: ethanol
S2. Functional Groups
Carbonyl group
(-C=O)

•
Called aldehydes, if
located at the end of
carbon chain
• Ex: Propanol
•
Called ketone, if located
elsewhere on carbon
chain
• Ex: Acetone
S2. Functional Groups

Amino Group (-NH2)
•
•
•
Called amines
Molecular building
blocks of proteins
(amino acids)
Ex: glycine
S2. Functional Groups
Carboxyl Group
(-COOH)

•
•
•
Called carboxylic acids
Carbon is double-bonded
to oxygen (carbonyl
group) with a hydroxyl
group attached
Ex: Acetic Acid
S2. Functional Groups

Sulfhydryl group (SH)
•
•
•
Called thiols
Interact to help stabilize
protein structures
Ex: cysteine
S2. Functional Groups
Phosphate group
(-OPO3-2)

•
•
•
Called phosphates
Transfers energy between
organic molecules
Ex: glycerol phosphate
S2. Functional Groups

Methyl (-CH3)
•
•
•
Called methylated
compounds
Found on DNA and
hormones
Ex: 5-Methyl cytidine
U3. Biochemical Molecules of Life
Molecule
Subcomponents
(building blocks)
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
Lipids
Glycerol, fatty acids,
phosphate groups
U3. Biochemical Molecules of Life
Molecule
Subcomponents
(building blocks)
Proteins
(polypeptides)
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
U3. Biochemical Molecules
Carbohydrate Classifications:
 Monosaccharides: single sugar
• Examples: glucose, galactose, fructose,
ribose

Disaccharides: two sugars
• Examples: maltose, lactose, sucrose
U3. Biochemical Molecules
Carbohydrate Classifications:
 Polysaccharides: many sugars
• Examples: Starch, glycogen, cellulose,
chitin
U3. Biochemical Molecules
Lipid Classification
 Triglycerides: glycerol with three fatty
acids
• Example: Fat stored in adipose cells
U3. Biochemical Molecules
Lipid Classification
 Phospholipids: phosphate group with two
fatty acids
• Example: Lipids forming a bilayer in cell
membranes
U3. Biochemical Molecules
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
Lipid Classification
Steroids: rings of carbon with side chains
• Examples: cholesterol, vitamin D, and some
hormones
U3. Biochemical Molecules

Proteins:


Examples: Enzymes, antibodies, peptide
hormones
Nucleic Acids:
• Examples: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),
Ribonucleic acid (RNA), adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
S1. Drawing Molecular Diagrams
Glucose: C6H12O6
 6 atom ring with a side chain
 5 carbons are in the ring, one is with the
side chain
 Carbons are numbered with 1 on the
right
 Hydroxyl groups on C 1,2,3, and 4
S1. Drawing Molecular Diagrams
Glucose: C6H12O6
Biologyatsandringham.pbworks.com
S1. Drawing Molecular Diagrams
Ribose: C5H10O5
 5 atom ring with a side chain
 4 carbons are in a ring, one in side chain
 Carbon atoms are numbered with 1 on
the right
 Hydroxyl groups are on C 1, 2, 3
S1. Drawing Molecular Diagrams
Ribose: C5H10O5
dl.clackamas.cc.or.us
S1. Drawing Molecular Diagrams
Saturated Fatty Acid:
 Carbon atoms form an unbranched chain
 Number of carbon atoms is between 14
and 20
 One end is a carboxyl group
 The other end is a methyl group
 Carbon atoms in between have 2
hydrogen bonded
S1. Drawing Molecular Diagrams
Saturated Fatty Acid:
Courses.washington.edu
S1. Drawing Molecular Diagrams
Amino Acid:
Carbon atom in center with
 Amino group
 Carboxyl group
 Hydrogen atom
 R group (variable)
S1. Drawing Molecular Diagrams
Amino Acid:
Education-portal.com
U4. Metabolism

All of the reactions within all the cells of
an organism
• DNA replication, synthesis of RNA, synthesis
of proteins, cell respiration, photosynthesis
and many more
U4. Metabolism

Reactions are controlled by enzymes
• Each enzyme has a specific job in one
•
metabolic reaction
Enzymes speed up the rate of reactions, by
making the reaction take place
U4. Metabolism
Metabolic pathway: when one molecule
is transformed into another through a
series of small steps, each performed by
different enzymes
U4. Metabolism
Metabolism has two parts:
 Anabolism: synthesis of complex
molecules
 Catabolism: breakdown of complex
molecules
Quick Vocab Introduction

Monomer: small repeating units; the building
blocks of polymers.


EX: glucose, amino acids
Polymer: a long molecule consisting of many
similar or identical building blocks linked by
covalent bonds; many monomers
•
EX: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids
Quick Vocab Introduction
Polymer Example:
 Glucose is a monomer, Starch is a polymer
of glucose
U5. Anabolism


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Larger molecules are created by the
condensation reaction.
Two molecules are joined by covalent
bonds
Water is a product of the reaction
U5. Condensation Reaction

Condensation Reaction- building polymers
• Two molecules are joined to form a larger
•
molecule, held by covalent bonds; requires an
enzyme and produces one water molecule.
Each monomer contributes to water that is made,
one provides the -OH, one the -H.
U5. Condensation Reaction
Condensation Example:
Glucose + Galactose  Lactose + water
(monomer) + (monomer)  (polymer) + water
** Lactose is really called a dimer (only two monomers are bonded
together) Di- means 2
** Polymer is for many monomers bonded together; Poly- means
many
U5. Condensation Reaction
Condensation Example:
Amino acid + amino acid  dipeptide + water
(monomer) + (monomer)  (polymer) + water
**dipeptide is formed when two amino acids
bond
U5. Condensation Reaction
Condensation Diagram:
U5. Condensation Reaction
Condensation Example:
Glucose
+
glucose
www.Ib.bionija.com.au

maltose
U5. Condensation Reaction
Condensation Example:
www.saburchill.com
U6. Catabolism


Larger molecules (polymers) are broken
down into monomers by the hydrolysis
reaction
Water is used to break the covalent
bonds
U6. Hydrolysis Reaction
Hydrolysis- breaking polymers into monomers
• bonds between monomers of a polymer are
broken by the addition of water molecules;
requires enzymes
• a H from water attaches to one monomer
• OH from water attaches to the other monomer
U6. Hydrolysis Reaction
Hydrolysis Example:
Lactose + water  glucose + galactose
(polymer)+ water  (monomer) + (monomer)
** Lactose is really called a dimer (only two monomers are bonded
together) Di- means 2
** Polymer is for many monomers bonded together; Poly- means
many
U6. Hydrolysis Reaction
Hydrolysis Example:
dipeptide + water  amino acid + amino acid
(polymer) + water (monomer) + (monomer)
**dipeptide is formed when two amino acids bond
U6. Hydrolysis Reaction
Hydrolysis Diagram:
U6. Hydrolysis Reaction
Hydrolysis Example:
Lactose + water
People.stfx.ca

galactose + glucose
U6. Hydrolysis Reaction
Hydrolysis Example:
En.wikibooks.org
Nature of Science
Vitalism and Urea
Theory of Vitalism: living organisms were
composed of organic chemicals that could
only be produced in living organisms
because of a “vital force” required to make
them.
Nature of Science
Vitalism and Urea
 1828: German Chemist Friedrich Wohler
synthesized urea using silver isocyanate
and ammonium chloride.
 He created an organic compound
artificially without a vital force.
Nature of Science
Vitalism and Urea
 This began the falsification of the theory
 Biologists now accept that living
organisms are governed by the same
chemical and physical forces as nonliving matter
Nature of Science
Vitalism and Urea
 There are still some complex proteins
that have not been artificially
synthesized: Hemoglobin