Transcript II. Chapter 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Chapter 5
Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration
Energy and Living Things
• All energy in living systems comes from the
sun.
Metabolism
• Using energy to build
molecules
• Or breaking down
molecules for storing
energy
• Includes
photosynthesis and
cell respiration
Photosynthesis
• Involves building
molecules that store
energy
• Light energy is
converted into sugar
• Autotrophs –
organisms that need
to make their own
food.
Cellular Respiration
• Converts energy from
food to ATP
(adenosine
triphosphate)
• Heterotrophs Organisms that need
to consume food
ATP Stores and Releases energy
ATP is made up of:
1. 3 phosphates
2. Sugar (ribose)
3. Base (adenine)
Energy is stored in P to P bond.
Energy Cycle
Energy given
off - heat
Energy to make
ATP:
Respiration
1. Aerobic
2. Anarobic
ADP
ADP – Adenosine Diphosphate
A phosphate is
gone.
ADP:
•Adendine
•Ribose
•2 phosphates
You should already know that we
turn sugar into ATP in a process
called __________________
There are two types of respiration:
It is found in many products
Alcoholic Fermentation is used to make bread
and alcohol products – using yeast
Lactic Acid Fermentation is used to make yogurt
and some cheeses - uses bacteria
Stages of Cellular Respiration
Steps of:
1. Glycolysis - Process of turning glucose
into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
This is an anaerobic process – no oxygen
needed.
Gylcolysis
• Total of 4 ATP
produced
• Takes 2 ATP to run
gylcolysis
• Net gain?
Step 2: Fermentation
• Alcoholic Fermentation
• Pyruvic Acid is broken
into :
– Ethyl alcohol and CO2
– Ex. Bacteria and Yeast
• Lactic Acid
Fermentation
• Pyruvic Acid is broken
into:
• lactic acid
• Ex. Sour milk, sore
muscles
Lab 14:Yeast Respiration
Food D: Table Sugar
Food C: Milk sugar
Food A: fruit sugar
Key point : Electrons release energy when they move
They move toward something that attracts them more.
Question 1
What was in
the balloon?
Question 2
Was there
energy
released?
What evidence
do you have?
Question 3
What caused
the explosion?
H+
H+
e-
eO
Energy transfer
• Depends upon the
tendency of substances
to attract electrons
• Which of the
substances that were
originally in the balloon
were more willing to
give electrons away?
Other examples of energy transfer
• Rust
– Electrons from Iron (with
water) are shared with
Oxygen to create
Lemon Battery
• Electrons move from zinc
(A)
• Along copper (D)
Key point 2
Both matter and energy are
conserved in any reaction
Role Play: Need for electron donors
and acceptors
• Rules for moving
electrons:
– Each letter can only have
one electron at a time
– Electrons can move only
to a nearby carrier.
– Electrons can move only
to a lower energy level.
Role Play: Need for electron donors
and acceptors
• Why did the electrons
stop moving?
• What was released at
each step as the
electrons moved?
Key point 1 and 2 continued:
Energy is released when electrons
move.
• What form will that
energy take?
• What is required to
keep electrons moving?
Where will the electrons stop
moving?
•
•
•
•
•
•
ACEDB
BDEAC
ABCDB
DEABC
EABCD
CEABE
Which movement will release
more energy
•
•
•
•
1. A to B, A to C
2. B to D, B to E
3. B to D or B to E
4. E to A or A to D
Hydrogen fuel cell
• Hydrogen is the
electron donor
Structure of Mitochondria
• Found in all eukaryotic
cells
Steps in Aerobic Respiration
(Glycolysis takes place)
2. Kreb’s cycle
3. Electron transport chain
C6H12O6 + O2 + 2 ATP
H20 + CO2 + 38 ATP
Net Gain of ATP?_________________
Steps in Aerobic Respiration
1. Glycolysis – breaks a
6C structure into 2 3
carbon pyruvic acids
2. Happens in
cytoplasm
3. 2 NADH+ are
produced
A new player: NAD+
• NAD+ is an Electron
Acceptor
• When glucose is
broken down H+ is
transferred to
NAD+
• Forms NADH+ is an
electron carrier
What do we have?
Aerobic Respiration
• Step 2: Kreb’s cycle
– Occurs if Oxygen is
present
– Pyruvic acid enters
mitochondria
– This forms CO2,
NADH+, Acetyle-CoA,
2ATP
– Kreb’s cycle begins
– Where is the energy
from glucose?
Kreb’s Cycle
Aerobic Respiration
• Step 3: Electron
Transport Chain
– 34 ATP
Players in Electron Trans. Chain
• ATP Synthase
– Rotor and central
shaft
– 3 bulbs, where ATP
is made
– Entry and exit port
for protons
ATP synthase
• How many ATP are
made with one
complete turn of
the ATP syn.
• How many protons
did it take?
Players in Electron Trans. Chain
• Carbon Molecules
• NAD+
• Proton Pumps: complex 1, complex 2, complex
3
• Quinone (electron carrier)
• Cytochrome c (electron carrier – only 1 e at a
time)
• ATP Synthase
Steps in Aerobic Respiration
(Glycolysis takes place)
2. Kreb’s cycle
3. Electron transport chain
C6H12O6 + O2 + 2 ATP
H20 + CO2 + 38 ATP
Net Gain of ATP?_________________
Cell Respiration Song
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis occurs in the
chloroplasts.
Structure of a chloroplast
• Thylakoids – pigment
found
• Light strikes the
thylakoids
Chloroplast Structure
Thykaloid Stucture
Stage 1: Light reactions
• Light energy is
absorbed
• Chlorophyll – absorbs
blue and red light,
reflects yellow and
green.
• Photo part of
photosynthesis
Stage 2: Light to Chemical
• Use of water – split
into H and O2
• Oxygen is released as
waste.
• Production of electron
carrier and ATP.
Stage 3 Calvin Cycle
• Sugar Factory, Light
independent
• ATP , NADPH, CO2
needed
• Production of glucose
(carbohydrate)
• C6H12O6.
How are aerobic respiration and
photosynthesis related?
C6H12O6 + 02 + 2 ATP
CO2 + H20 + light energy
CO2 + H20 + 38 ATP
O2 + C6H12O6
How is this an important part of the ecosystem?