Transcript Enzyme PPT

Biochemistry:
Carbohydrates & Lipids
Unit 3
Macromolecules

A. What are they?
Very large molecules that make
 1. __________________________________
most of the structure of the body
_______________________________________
 2.
Made of smaller pieces called
monomers that can be assembled like
__________
legos to form a variety of structures. A
large chain of monomers is called a
polymer
_________.
Carbohydrates
I. Macromolecules

B. Carbohydrates
monosaccharide (sugar)
 1. Monomer: ____________________
polysaccharide (starch)
 2. Polymer: _____________________
rings of carbon with
 3. Structure:______________________
oxygen and hydrogen attached; CH2O
________________________________
energy, plant structure
 4. Uses: ___________________
sucrose, cellullose
 5. Examples: ________________
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
include:
 Simple sugars: small
sugar molecules in soft
drinks
Complex Carbohydrates:
Long starch molecules in
pasta and potatoes
Monosaccharides
-OSE ending means SUGAR
Glucose
is found in
sports drinks
Fructose is found
in fruits
Honey contains
both glucose &
fructose
Galactose is called
“milk sugar”
6
Question???
What
does the suffix –ose mean?
Sugar
Where
are glucose molecules found?
In sodas, candies, any sweet snacks
Where
would you find fructose?
Fruit
7
Examples of Carbohydrates
Disaccharides
Di = 2
A
disaccharide is a
double sugar
They’re made by
joining two
monosaccharides
Involves removing
a water molecule
(condensation)
9
Disaccharides
 Common
disaccharides include:
 Sucrose
(table sugar)
 Lactose (Milk Sugar)
 Maltose (Grain sugar)
10
Disaccharides
11
Polysaccharides
Complex
carbohydrates
Composed of many
sugar monomers
linked together
Polymers of
monosaccharide
chains
12
Examples of Polysaccharides
Glucose Monomer
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
13
Question??
What
does the prefix poly- mean again?
Mono-?
Many,
one
Polymers
what?
many
of monosaccharide chains means
sugar monomers linked together
14
Lipids
II. Macromolecules
Lipids
fatty acid
 1. Monomer: __________
lipid or fat
 2. Polymer: ___________
3 long chains of carbon
 3. Structure:______________________
hydrogen on a glycerol molecule
________________________________
energy, structure, warmth
 4. Uses: ________________________
fat, oil, cholesterol
 5. Examples: ____________________
Function of Lipids

Fats store energy, helps to insulate the
body, cushion and protect organs, and
makes up the cell membrane (lipid bilayer)
17
Lipids

Lipids are molecules that consist of long
hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three
chains together is usually a glycerol
molecule. Lipids are NONpolar.
Lipids & Cell Membranes
•
•
•
Cell membranes are made of
lipids called phospholipids
Phospholipids have a head
that is polar & attract water
(hydrophilic)
Phospholipids also have 2
tails that are nonpolar and
do not attract water
(hydrophobic)
19
Lipids
Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing”
Do NOT mix with water

Includes
fats,
waxes,
steroids,
& oils
FAT MOLECULE
20
Cell Membrane
Fats in Organisms

Most animal fats have a high proportion of
saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at
room temperature (butter, margarine,
shortening) these are called saturated
fats
Fats in Organisms

Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated
fatty acids & exist as liquids at room
temperature (oils) these are called
unsaturated fats
Examples of Lipids
Take the Quiz on Edmodo

Log in and complete the short quiz on
edmodo.com
Biochemistry:
Proteins & Nucleic Acids
Unit 3
III. Macromolecules

D. Protein
amino acid (20)
 1. Monomer: _______________
protein or polypeptide
 2. Polymer: _____________________
central carbon atom with
 3. Structure:______________________
________________________________
hydrogen, amine, carboxyl, & R groups
structure, emergency energy
 4. Uses: ________________________
skin, insulin, enzymes
 5. Examples: ____________________
Four Types of Proteins
Storage
Structural
Contractile
Transport
28
Proteins

Proteins are building blocks of structures
called amino acids. Proteins are what
your DNA codes to make
A peptide bond forms between amino
acids by dehydration synthesis.
 Dehydration synthesis = the building up of
large molecules by removing water
molecules

Examples of Proteins
Enzymes

A. Special proteins that
speed chemical reactions
 1. Chemical reactions
require a certain
activation energy to
_______________
get started.
 2. Enzymes decrease
this energy, making
reactions occur faster.
Enzymes

B. Lock-and-Key Model
 1. Enzymes are not used up by the
reaction, but each can only work on one
enzyme specificity
reaction (________________).
 2. This is called the lock-and-key model
key
of enzymes. An enzyme is like a _____
which can open exactly one _____.
lock If
you want to “unlock” another reaction,
you need a different enzyme.
Enzymes

C. Factors which affect enzymes
Temperature
 1. _____________--enzymes,
like all
proteins, change shape when exposed
to heat or cold. Each has an optimal
temperature range.
pH
 2. ____--all
enzymes have an optimal
range of pH. Example: stomach
Concentration
 3. _____________--having
more
enzymes makes the reaction faster.
Enzymes
Biochemistry:
Nucleic Acid & ATP
Unit 3
III. Macromolecules

E. Nucleic Acids
nucleotide (5)
 1. Monomer: _______________
nucleic acid
 2. Polymer: ___________
5-carbon sugar attached
 3. Structure:______________________
to nitrogen base and phosphate group
________________________________
stores genetic code
 4. Uses: ___________________
DNA and RNA
 5. Examples: _______________
37
Examples of Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nitrogenous base
(A,G,C, or T)
Nucleic
acids are
polymers of
nucleotides
Phosphate
group
Thymine (T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
Nucleotide
39
Nucleotide – Nucleic acid monomer
40
Bases
Each
DNA
nucleotide has one
of the following
bases:
–Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
–Guanine (G)
–Thymine (T)
–Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
41
Nucleotide Monomers
Backbone
Form
long chains
called DNA
Nucleotides are
joined by sugars
& phosphates on
the side
Nucleotide
Bases
DNA strand
42
DNA
Two
strands of
DNA join together
to form a double
helix
Base
pair
Double helix
43
RNA – Ribonucleic Acid
Nitrogenous base
(A,G,C, or U)
Ribose
sugar
has an extra
–OH or
hydroxyl
group
It has the
base uracil (U)
instead of
thymine (T)
Uracil
Phosphate
group
Sugar (ribose)
IV. ATP
adenosine triphosphate
A. ATP stands for _____________________
 B. Cells use ATP as a __________________
rechargeable battery
3 phosphates
 C. Made of adenine with ___
 D. Lots of energy is stored in the bond
the second and third phosphates
between _____________________________
 E. When this bond is broken, tremendous
energy is released.
 F. The pieces are then reassembled, storing
more energy for another use.

Question??
Explain
ATP
the ATP/ADP process.
has 3 phosphate groups. The energy is
stored in the bond. When 1 phosphate group
breaks off it releases energy and forming
ADP. The addition of 1 phosphate to ADP
forms ATP and the process continuous over
and over.
Macromolecules
Macromolecules
Copyright Cmassengale
48