Transcript Forests
. Energy from Biomass Presentation at the seminar Energy, Environment & Sustainability Bad Honnef, 27 May, 2008 Insecurity of fossil fuel supply? Bioenergy statistical data. Biomass for food and energy! Brazil’s potential. Global agricultural production. Forests in the world. Sweden has a zero net emission of CO2! Bioenergy in Sweden. Fertilizers. Concluding statements. Sven Kullander Energy Committee Production and price of oil $ 100 84Mbd Security of supply? Not yet developed gas fields 3 Bioenergy share of energy supply in some selected countries 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 World EU-25 Germany S weden Finland Norway Denmark Renewables in 2005 EU – 25 Germany Sweden Norway Denmark Finland Biomass 4.1% 2.3% 17% 5% 7.1% 15% Hydro 1.5% 0.6% 10% 51% 0% 3.6% Geotherm 0.3% 0% 0% 0% 0% Wind 0.3% 0.7% 0.1% 0% 1.5% 0% Solar 0.04% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 6.3% 3.6% 27% EU target for renewables by 2010 is 12% and by 2020 it is 20%! Nordic land areas Sweden Norway Finland Denmark EU-25 Germany Aral land (Mha) 2.7 0.87 2.23 2.84 106 13 Forests (Mha) 23.0 7.03 20.3 0.51 137 11 Assumptions about EU-27 bioenergy potential • AEBIOM* assumes that 0.16 hectares/person is enough for food! • EU has 106 Mha agricultural land and 490 million inhabitants. • Thus 32 Mha should be available for bioenergy from agriculture!? • EEA** assumes biomass potential1) is 188 Mtoe (2010), 236 Mtoe (2020). 1) Includes biomass from forestry, agriculture and biowaste and was 72 Mtoe in 2005 *) European Biomass Association (AEBIOM) **) European Environmental Agency (EEA) Food and energy for a sustainable climate Biomass primarily for food. Electricity for energy. Foods or fuels? 852 million people are chronically undernourished Countries in transition 28 Sub-Saharan Africa 204 Developed market economies 9 Asia and the Pacific 519 Near East and North Africa 39 Latin America and the Caribbean 53 (2000 – 2002) A Swede eats every year 50 kg greens 15 kg fish 49 kg meat 37 kg bread 65 kg potato 180 kg milk Energy content 3150 MJ = 3150 MWs A person’s power dissipation = 100 watt (1 year is 3,15×107 s) People’s energy needs = 6,6×109×3150 MWs = 5 800 TWh/år*) *)Global energy consumption = 125 000 TWh/year Energy content per kg Unit is mega joule (MJ) Sugar 17 MJ Bread 12 MJ Ham 11 MJ Whisky 10 MJ Compare Ethanol 27 MJ Gasoline 43 MJ Liquid fuels!? Produced in 2007: 1 billion litres Scotch (40%) from Barley - corresponds to Swedish car ethanol consumption 20 billion litres US ethanol from corn 18 billion litres Brazilian ethanol from sugar cane 1% of world’s motor fuel is ethanol - can it be incresed ten times? Brazil’s potential* *) From the presentation by Prof. Donato Aranda, Federal Univ. Rio de Janeiro at the seminar Future of Forest Bioenergy, Royal Swedish Engineering Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 2007 Physical Productivity Quantity of Product / liter of Ethanol Raw Material Production / ha (kg) SUGAR CANE 85,000 12 kg 7,080 liter CORN 10,000 2.8 kg 3,570 liter Quantity of Ethanol / ha Source: Brazilian Agricultural Ministry 90 million hectares is two times Sweden’s size! Sugar Cane production in Brazil * Output/Input Energy ~ 8.2 18 billion litres ethanol on 6 million hectars 0.24 % of global oil production *Donato Aranda, Royal Engineering Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 2007 Biodiesel Program From Donato Aranda, February 2007 • B2 mandatory at Jan/2008 (850,000 ton/year) • B5 mandatory at Jan/2010 (2013, originaly) Now: • 10 biodiesel plants working (500,000 ton/year) • 2,000 gas stations providing B2 • Some transportation companies using B30 • Projects: More than 100 new biodiesel plants LOW FEDERAL TAXES FOR SOCIAL PROJECTS AND POOR REGIONS Soybean Biodiesel (Output/input energy ~ 3)* Biodiversity? Rainforests? Fossil driven! * Donato Aranda, Royal Engineering Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 2007 Biodiesel from palm oil? Rainforests are cut down Emissions to - Air - Water - Soil Agriculture Resources - Raw material - Energy - Land Refinement Waste Life Cycle analysis Transport Consumption Retail Nitrogen emissions Nitrogen from fertilizers is converted by microbes to nitrous oxide N2O. N2O has a 300 times greater Greenhouse forcing than CO2. IPCC assumes 2 % of nitrogen converted to nitrous oxide. Paul Crutzen et al finds atmosheric pre-industrial N2O value from ice cores. Subtracting from the present atmospheric N2O value gives 3-5 %. Conclusion is that for ethanol from corn and rapeseed, the relative warming due to N2O emission offsets the CO2 saving from the fuel. Biomass 550 – 835 Gton C CO2 20 % of photo synthetic bound carbon transported to the soil 78 Gton C after 1850 26-28 % of total anthropogenic CO2 originates from aral land! Land breathing Carbon soil content 1200 – 2200 Gton C After Bengt Lundegårdh Global agricultural production Global agriculture products in 2005 UN Food and Agriculture Statistics Global Oulook • Cereals • Meat • Fruits/Vegetables • Roots/Tubers • Pulses • Oilseeds/Nuts • Sugar Crops • Tobacco • Fibre Crops 2,228 million tonnes 265 million tonnes 1,392 million tonnes 712 million tonnes 62 million tonnes 146 million tonnes 1,532 million tonnes 7 million tonnes 29 million tonnes 6,373 million tonnes 1 ton/capita Energy of all this biomass? 16 000 tera watt hours (TWh) Global energy supply 2005 Total energy production = 125 000 TWh 100% Fossil energy production = 100 000 TWh 80% All agriculture products 13% = 16 000 TWh Food for 6.6 billion people 5 800 TWh*) 5% High productivity of agriculture products requires cultivation with minimum emissions to the environment! Forests in the world World´s forests Source UN-FAO • 4109 hectars forests (30% of surface) • 7.3 106 hectars disappearing each year • In Africa 90% of all wood produced is burnt • 75% of bioenergy comes from forests • Bioenergy represents 80% of renewable energy 1 km2 = 100 hectars (ha) Change of growing forest stock [Mm3] Country Growing stock Change/year Brazil 812 000 -700 China 13 200 +181 3155 +24 Sweden Nordic forests Sweden Norway Finland Denmark Forest portion of land 50% 20% 68% 10% Forest stock (5109 m3)* 50% 13% 36% 1% Growth/year (210106 m3) ** 47% 12% 40% 2% * USA+Canada 44109 m3 * European Union 13109 m3 ** Germany 90106 m3 Sweden has a zero net emission of CO2! Sweden’s energy supply 1970 - 2005 Nuclear Hydro Bioenergy Coal Oil SWEDISH C/CO2 EMISSIONS Emissions: mega tonnes 1970 95 Mt CO2 1990 56 Mt CO2 Remember 56 Mt Bioenergy in Sweden Bioenergy in Sweden 2004 TWh TWh Forest Heat 92 Agriculture 4 90 Electricity 10 108 TWh Peat 4 Ethanol 2 Waste 8 Losses 6 STEM statistics elaborated by Harry Frank Forests – the major driver of Swedish Economy Skogen, grundbult i svensk välfärd 36% pulp and paper 46% pulp wood Pulp and paper mills 23% energy and heat 15% chips 20% wood 46% saw timber Saw mills and board industry 8% bark and sawdust 16% energy and heat 8% firewood Heat production Forest biomass yield, Sweden, 2004 Per-Olov Nilsson, Report 23, 2006, Skogsstyrelsen 19% 21% 26 % 34% 75.9 Mt 380TWh Use of Swedish forest growth, 2004 Energy generation 21% Industrial products 26% Increase of forest inventory 19% Residues left 34% 76 Mt Rapport 23 -2006 Per-Olov Nilsson Skogsstyrelsen 380 TWh Fellings 61 Mt Annual growth and fellings, Swedish forests Mil. m3sk (forest cubic metres) 125 100 Growth 75 50 Fellings 25 0 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Forest sequestration 1990 was 55 Mt (35 Mm3) Fossil fuel CO2 emissions was 56 Mt Sweden had zero net emission 1990! Källa: Riksskogstaxeringen, Skogsstyrelsen Biopower plant (During 2005 biopower provided 10 TWh bioenergyin Sweden,1/3 electricity ) • Started operation in 2000 • Building cost 55 Meuros • 0.18 TWh electricity/year • 0.33 TWh heat Eskilstuna biopower plant provides electricity and heat • 60 trucks firewood/day Two Swedish biofuel alternatives • Ethanol from fermentation of grain or wood including more efficient technologies with enzymes or improved yeast grades* • Production of Synthesis gas, Hydrogen and Carbon monoxide in the right proportions for the subsequent processes (normally well known processes) *) In Norrköping there is ethanol production from wheat providing 20% of Swedish needs 2:nd generation biofuels -Three Swedish Pilot Plants • Ethanol from cellulose by fermentation,Örnsköldsvik. • Biofuels or electricity from black liquor gasification, Piteå. • Synthesis gas from biomass for future biofuels, Värnamo. The objective is to get a production facility within the next 10 years CHEMREC’S DP-1 facility in PITEÅ for Black Liquor Gasification An arctic circle facility Black Liquor Gasification - General Scheme Oxygen Air separation Steam Power Gasification Black liquor and Weak wash Sulphur Management Rawgas Gas cooling White liquor Quench LS Green liq. Poly Sulph. Gas Purification Synthesis gas Combined Cycle Power & Steam or Synthesis- and Distillation or DME/Methanol Courtesy: Christer Sjölin Conclusions on Swedish Ethanol production - Ethanol production from primary biomass is not energy efficient Technology breakthrough is needed even for second generation fuels Domestic production is more than twice as expensive as import A substantial competition for the raw material, wood, will take place, especially if Europe will follow the ethanol route Black liquor gasification (BLGCC) Conclusions: - Only a smaller portion of the Swedish demand of fuels can be produced from BLGCC probably at high costs and the raw material is in competition with other use. - It is much more likely that electric power production is the best use of the BLGCC technology. The Industry needs all electric power sources which it can get for reasonable power prices in the future. Fertilisers Fertiliser research • The Flakaliden experimental site (8 ha) is situated 60 km west of Umeå • In 1986 started studies of the growth optimisation of a boreal coniferous forest • Irrigation and fertilisers. Initially 100 kg N/ha + other nutrients (P,K,Ca,S,Mg) • Project leader: Professor Sune Linder Flakaliden 10 years after start of experiment Stem growth after fertilisation Sune Linder, Flakaliden experiment Current growth rate, m3/ha/year After Sune Linder Possible increase of growth After Sune Linder Pine plants grow better with amino acids than with a conventional N fertiliser Amino acid fertiliser Courtesy Torgny Näsholm Conventional N fertiliser Increased growth after planting Weight per plant in grams Amino acid fertiliser Courtesy Torgny Näsholm Conventional N fertiliser Conclusions globally Bioenergy now provides ~ 13 000TWh/a International Energy Agency (IEA)estimates in their most pessimistic scenario that bioenergy may be doubled, from reidues in forestry and agriculture. A realistic assumption in my opinion. In their most optimistic scenario with intense cultivation on good soils the potential is 306 000 TWh? Completely unrealistic. But: Biodiversity and climate must not be jeopardized, agricultural land needed for food. Energy Committee’s statements on bioenergy November 28, 2007 • World’s agricultural products must meet the increasing demands for food rather than being used for biofuels. • World’s forest cuttings must not exceed the forest growth in order to protect biodiversity and climate. • It should be possible to double the global bioenergy production, currently 13 000 TWh/a, primarily by using residues from agriculture and forestry. • Swedish annual bioenergy production being now 100 TWh may increase by 40 %. In the long run additional 20 % from intensified production.