Transcript Unit One
Unit One Chapters 12 & 13 End of Feudalism and the Beginning of the Renaissance An Overview Crisis of the Late Middle Ages New Material Renaissance: Recovery & Rediscovery Recovery: Europe following the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages Political, Economic and Social Changes Rediscovery: The Return of Classical Learning Italian Renaissance: Why Italy? Economic, political and social structure of Italian citystates The Major Players and Achievements Northern Renaissance: How did it compare? The Major Players and Achievements Crisis of the Late Middle Ages 1350-1450 Famine, Plague, War, Economic Crisis And the Decline of the Church Europe in the 6th Century Famine “Little Ice Age” brought torrential rains Severe weather damaged crops 13251322, causing the “Great Famine” Poor nutrition increased susceptibility to diseases Price controls could not stop inflation The starving attacked Jews, lepers and the wealthy as scapegoats Black Death Arrived in Italy in 1347 from Asia Generated in humans from fleas on rats, most common in cities, which were havens for disease Single boil was followed by bleeding under the skin, vomit, then death 30%-60% of the population died (depending on area) Jews attacked again The Disease Cycle Flea drinks rat blood that carries the bacteria. Bacteria multiply in flea’s gut. Human is infected! Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound. Flea’s gut clogged with bacteria. The Symptoms Bulbous Septicemic Form: almost 100% mortality rate. Consequences of the Plague More inflation will occur As labor became expensive, riots occurred over wages. Overall it benefited workers and artisans, especially those in guilds Many priests will die of the plague, encouraging the endowment of new colleges The plague caused pessimism in the Church, as well as fanaticism (anti-Semitism and “flagellants” from Latin flagellare, to whip) A morbid obsession with death will haunt art and literature – Psychology of the Black Death Blaming of certain groups- Jews Pessimism across Europe Artist Obsession with death Flagellantism – Religious Fervor – Disease from god to punish man of sins (The Great Flood) Black Death 15th Century Bible depiction Modern Interpretation (20th century) Point of View of “Artist” Flagellants (movie-Da Vinci Code?) 13th/14th Century Extremists Modern Day, Italy, Spain usually during Lent Death in Art Hey Mr. Death! I can pay…. Who? The Dance of Death, 1474; Church of St. Mary of the Rocks; Istria, Croatia The Jews and the Black Death Pograms against the Jews Golden Circle Jew Hat The Hundred Years’ War Pg. 351 (10th) & Pg. 391 (7th) Started as a dispute over inherited land claims between the French and English monarchies Fought primarily in France England will be the early winner due to the Long Bow and Canon French troops will rally around Joan of Arc, changing the course of the war Joan of Arc will be caught by English allies of France and burned at the stake, but the spirit she endowed in the troops will lead to victory The Hundred Years War 1337-1453 – France vs. England Philip of Valois vs. Edward III – Causes Edward III of England claims the French Throne Was the grandson of King Phillip the Fair of France Seized Aquitaine in 1337 French Barons backed Edwards claim – Wanted to go against the French king who was trying to centralize rule Flemish supporters backed Edwards claim; wood trade England/Flanders French and English saw war as a way to avoid internal social problems Long Bow vs Cross Bow Faster loading; further; into chainmail; more skill required Slower loading; less reach; easier to learn to shoot Sketch by Leonardo Da Vinci Joan of Arc •1485 Artist’s interpretation – only portrait of her did not survive •Aka “Maid of Orleans” •Becomes symbol for French people to take back country from English •Later betrayed by her own king •Sainted in 1920 •Most of what we know is speculation Consequences of the War “Nationalism” (intense feeling of national pride and unity) begins to take root Economies of both will suffer, leading to further taxes on peasants. Parliament will gain power in England, the Estates General will lose power in France as a result of taxing methods England will lose all French possessions, except Calais (remember map from text) Most importantly, the move toward a strong centralized, hereditary monarchy will begin to replace the notion of a “feudal” order Decline of Church Prestige 1309-1376, the Papacy was moved to Avignon, France and made a puppet of the monarchy: Known as Babylonian Captivity Shortly after it’s return to Rome, an Italian Pope was chosen – Urban VI Urban VI was a ruthless reformer, and the Cardinals secretly chose French Pope Clement VII As Kings lined up behind one pope or the other, common folk became confused and the Churches prestige was further weakened (Great Schism) Life in the Middle Ages (14th and 15th Centuries) – Relationships between nobility and peasants – Marriage and Family 16 to 18 years for women later for men The oldest profession Marriage usually governed by economic factors Divorce did not exist Church regulations were not usually followed – Life in the Parish Increased lay management because of church crisis Center of life in Middle ages Increase in Guilds Widespread drunkenness and violence Bull Baiting and Bear Baiting Sports Execution of William Wallace The Renaissance 1450 (or so) - 1550 Recovery & Rediscovery Reformation & Reconciliation Recovery Population: Substantial population growth in the late fifteenth – sixteenth centuries due to better farming techniques, more land being farmed and new crops introduced from America. By 1550 it had reached preplague levels Economics: As the populations grew, the economy revived. A money economy will develop again along with the availability of credit. Wealthy banking families will gain power and prestige throughout Europe. Manufacturing will also grow. Socially: Famine, plague and war gave survivors a new meaning of life. They began to celebrate life, and question the church. Rediscovery Test Idea Writers and artists began to express their new view on life and the printing press allowed for a revival in education and the availability of texts Many were influenced by Greco-Roman classical styles preserved by Muslim and Byzantine scholars. Western Europeans came in contact with them through travel, trade and “crusade”. The new art and literature focused more on secular than religious themes, and expressed the Renaissance intellectual movement known as “Humanism” which emphasized the individual. Artists and sculptors will pay more attention to perspective and realistic styles, common in Greco-Roman art Secularism and Humanism Secularism focused the worldly rather than the spiritual (on the here and now versus the “forever after”). Life was to be enjoyed, not just endured. Humanism – a movement in which scholars studied the classics which emphasized individualism. Individualism stressed the full development of human potential and glorification of human achievement In what ways are these ideas expressed in Greek art and literature? You will find those common themes in the Renaissance “New” (?) Techniques Medieval art – Egg tempera and woodcarvings were common – Flat, no perspective – Symbolic – Religious - clothed/censored - Unrealistic - Sculpture “bas relief” - Gothic Architecture (flying buttresses, stained glass, sculptures and illuminated manuscript) Renaissance art – – – – Frescoes, oil paintings Perspective Lifelike Religious and secular themes – Free-standing sculpture – Greco-Roman (you know, columns and stuff) and Dome architecture Gothic Religious subject matter ---------- Flying Buttresses Flat painting – no perceived depth WE HAVE PERSPECTIVE! Depth Perception and looks like a “picture” School of Athens – Raphael Pythagorus Raphael looking out Plato and Aristotle Labeled School of Athens The Sistine Chapel - Michelangelo DAVID *Florence *Two years to complete *Fractured *Religious symbol meant for church, but placed outside a government building *Placement turns it into a symbol of civic liberties. *Florence vs Medici Pieta – Michelangelo (@Vatican) Literature Middle Ages – Theology, law, history were dominant themes – Wrote mostly in Latin – Legendary themes on the feats of knights Major Test Idea Renaissance – First modern writers (Humanists) – Wrote in the vernacular – Sonnets, biographies – Secular tales, political and social themes The Renaissance Man and Woman Pg. 429 (7th) & Pg. 391 (10th) Men – Charming, witty – Well-educated, especially in the classics – Talented in the arts – Talented in warfare skills (riding, wrestling, fencing) – Collectively called “virtu” – Example: Leonardo da Vinci Women Major Test Idea – Charming – Educated in the classics – Inspire and be a patron of (not necessarily create) art – Example: Catherine Medici Breaking Out of the Mold: Christine de Pizan The Book of the City of Ladies “I am amazed by the opinion of some men who claim they do not want their (women) to be educated because their mores (morals) would be ruined…..you can clearly see that not all opinions of men are based on reason..” Vernacular Literature – Dante’s Divine Comedy a symbolic pilgrimage through hell, purgatory, and paradise to God Criticism of some church authority Tension that existed between church and people – Canterbury Tales- journey to shrine in England Materialistic and worldly views People in England the Church The Black Death Geoffrey Chaucer 13121400 – Dediderius Erasmus was a Christian humanist from Holland Believed in Christianity of the heart not of ritual and rules Wrote The Praise and Folly which poked fun at: – Priest, Merchants, Scholars, and Heartsick Lovers Believed all people should study the Bible Always said he was not directly attacking the institution of the Roman Catholic Church The City-States of Italy Politically – Usually principalities or republics with constitutional oligarchies dominated by wealthy, powerful families Economically – Were economically successful due to their geographic location as a point of exchange between east and west. Printing and textile manufacturing were also profitable. – Development of banking in the 14th century helped finance trade and commerce, which will revive along with the population following the Black Plague Socially – – – – Merchant capitalism eroded the power of the nobility Fat people included elite, nobles, wealthy merchants and manufacturers The “middle people” included small merchants and artisans “Little People” made up the bulk of the population and included everyone else Why Italy? Italy had many cities – cities were places where ideas and technology are exchanged Italy had a strong merchant and banking class with a lot of power and money who were “patrons of the arts”. This class supported the idea of Humanism (individual achievement v. nobility) Artists and scholars were inspired by what was around them (remnants of the past) Major Places Florence – wealthiest city – Textiles and printing – The ‘florin” became the standard for coins – Wealthy banking industry Venice and Genoa – Also banking cities – Shipbuilding and insurance – Trade link to Constantinople and Asian land routes Rome – home of the Vatican and Papacy – Money brought in from tithes (vocab check!) – Tourism to the holy city boost the economy Major Players Architecture – Brunelleschi – – – – – – Sculpture and Art – – – – – Michelangelo Donatello Leonardo da Vinci Raphael Gentileschi Literature Petrarch Boccaccio Machiavelli Castiglione Mirandola Pisan Patrons – Medici – Church – D’Este Role of the Artist Middle Ages Renaissance Northern Renaissance England, France, Germany and Flanders (part of France and the Netherlands) Why Northern Europe? Cities and population grew rapidly after the plague and war years It started in Flanders, where the economy was strong due to the wool industry and long distance trade In England and France, growing monarchies were patrons of the arts – in Northern Europe, it will be your merchant classes with A LOT of money In 1494, War with France began and many Italian artists and writers fled to safer parts of Europe What Makes It Special? Literature - Christian Humanists sought to combine Humanism with a deep Christian faith. They urged devotion to God, however they also encouraged Church reform and social justice Oil Painting was developed, although there are few sculptures Artistic themes peasant life, as well as life-like portraits. Although religious faith was stronger in the North, religion was not a common theme Playwrights such as William Shakespeare will write with a deep understanding of human nature and express themes people can still relate to today The church was not a major patron of the arts, although many monarchs will be Major Players Patrons – Fuggers – Elizabeth I – – – – – Artists – – – – – – Durer Holbein Van Eyck Brueghel Vermeer Rembrandt Writers Erasmus More Rabelais Cervantes Shakespeare Inventors – Gutenberg Brueghel How does this depict the ideals of Renaissance? Arnolfini Wedding by Van Eyck Pg. ?? In notebook Johann Van Eyck was here Holbein the Younger The Ambassador *Recognize the King? Compare Italian Renaissance Writers: – Machiavelli, The Prince – Castiglione, The Courtiers Northern Renaissance Writers: – Erasmus, In Praise of Folly – More, Utopia Compare Italian Renaissance Da Vinci, Mona Lisa, c. 1503 Oil (30 in × 21 in) Northern Renaissance Vermeer, Girl with a Pearl Earring, c. 1665 Oil (18.31 × 15.75 in) Renaissance Legacy The Renaissance marked a break from medieval ideals which focused on the church, to more secular attitudes Dignity of the individual prompted democratic ideals Greco-Roman classical styles were reborn The printing press, vernacular literature and humanism promoted learning Humanism focused on individual achievement Christian Humanists fostered reform in religion, politics and the church Task Analysis & Thesis Statements Analyze the influence of Humanism on the visual arts and literature of the Italian Renaissance. Use at least three specific works to support your analysis To what extent and in what ways did women participate in the Renaissance? Give specific examples to support your analysis Compare the Northern and Italian Renaissance with regard to art and literature Quentin Massys; Where?