Transcript Energy - jpinks


word game
1. How many different letters are in the
words? How many other words can you
make from the letters?
2. Use the example to explain how only 92
natural elements could form all the
different substances on Earth.
Element
- A single substance. It is not made up of
other things (symbolized by letters – only 1
capital).
- The First 92 on the poster are found naturally
and are used to make everything found on
the Earth (Living and Nonliving)
4 Elements are found in All Living Things
OXYGEN – CARBON – HYDROGEN - NITROGEN
Compound
- Substances made by combining and
bonding together different elements
(H2O – NaCl – C12H22O11)
- Compounds do not retain the physical
properties of the elements they are
made up of.
Atom
- The smallest amount of matter you can
have. It has all the properties of an
element (Tells you HOW MUCH of an
ELEMENT you have – Subscript #’s).
Molecule
- A group of atoms held together by a
bond. It can be an element or
compound (Tells you HOW MUCH of the
substance you have – Big # in Front).
Proton
- Positive charge found in the nucleus.
Determines what the element will be.
 Neutron
- No charge found in the nucleus.
 Electron
- Negative charge found orbiting the nucleus
(Should have the same # as the protons)
Bonds – the attractive force that hold elements
together to form compounds. A chemical
reaction is required to form these bonds.

Chemical Reactions
- A reaction where bonds are either
formed or broken to make or break
down compounds
- Substance changes into an entirely
new substance with different properties.
Examples
Metabolism
- All of the chemical reactions that
occur within the cell. The jobs carried
out by the organelles.
Decomposition Reaction
- A chemical reaction that breaks the
bonds that hold a compound together
and releases the stored energy
Synthesis Reaction
- A chemical reaction that forms the
bonds that hold elements together in a
compound and stored energy
Mixture
- Two or more substances combined.
- The adding of different elements or
compound together without bonding
them to each other (They retain their
physical properties without forming
something new).
Solution
- A type of mixture where one
substance (solute) dissolves into another
(solvent) and is spread out evenly (Sugar
or Salt in Water – smells in the air).
Carbon
- Is one of the most important elements in
the formation of compounds. It is the
backbone or framework for the 4 Molecules
of Life
**Carbon has the ability to bond in several
different directions with many types of other
elements.
1)
Carbohydrates
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen
Subunits: Monosaccharides
Used For: The cells energy source (fuel),
energy storage, and plant cell
structure.
Types Of: Sugars (simple) & Starches
(complex)
2) Lipids
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen
Subunits: Fatty acids & Glycerol
Used For: Back up energy source (fuel),
energy storage, cell structure,
&
protection / insulation
Types Of: Fats, Oils, Waxes, Steroids
3) Proteins
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
& Nitrogen
Subunits: Amino Acids
Used For: Cell Structure & Chemicals
used
for cell Functions / Metabolism
(Chemical Reactions).
Types Of: Polypeptides & Enzymes
4) Nucleic Acids
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Nitrogen & Phosphorus
Subunits: Nucleotides
Used For: Stores & sends information
(Genetic Code)
Types Of: DNA & RNA
DNA
Sugar
Deoxirobose
Shape
Double Stranded
Nitrogen Base
Thymine
RNA
Ribose
Single Stranded
Uracil
Original (stays in nucleus) Copy (can leave nucleus
Enzymes
- Special protein chemicals that are
responsible for carrying out chemical
reactions in the cell (nearly all cell functions
require an enzyme in order to work)
 Enzymes are used for metabolic reactions
(synthesis & decomposition). They will be
used to either speed them up or slow them
down.
Substrate
- The “stuff” that the enzyme is working
on (putting together or taking apart).
Active Site
- The place on the enzyme that the
substrate attaches to in order for the
reaction to occur.
 The substrate & active site must fit
together like puzzle pieces. Because of
this, an enzyme can only work on one
specific type of substrate (Hundreds of
different types of enzymes are needed)

The enzyme doesn’t get used up in the
chemical reaction, it can carry out its
function over and over.
Time – Temperature – pH
- These can all change the shape of the
enzymes active site.
- If this happens then the enzyme loses
its ability to work and must be replaced.
1. How is each of these organisms using energy?
2. In what other ways do organisms use energy
Energy
- The ability to do work or cause
movement
- Chemical, Light, Heat, Mechanical, & Electrical
 Energy, like matter cannot be made or
destroyed. It gets converted from one form
to another. Through Photosynthesis, Cell
Respiration, & ATP we are able to run off
the sun’s energy.
 All living things require energy in order to
survive. Cells run off energy molecules
called ATP
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
- A fully charged cell battery. It contains
three phosphates and two energy bonds
(It can be used to do whatever the cell
needs).
 ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)
- A half charged cell battery. It contains
two phosphates and one energy bond (It
can be used to do whatever the cell
needs or recharged back to an ATP).

ATP
P
P
ADP

AMP (Adenosine Monophosphate)
- A fully drained cell battery. It contains
one phosphate & no energy bonds (It
must be recharged before being used).
1. ATP is Right Amount of Energy
- Food contains too much energy for
cell processes (38 ATP recharged from a
single Monosaccharide).
2. Store the Energy Without the Food
- A food molecule is just a package that
contains the energy in it. The Bonds
holding the compound together is the
energy
ATP need to be recharged after being
used, this is done by breaking down food
(carbohydrates) in Cell Respiration.
ATP / ADP Cycle
1. When energy is needed a phosphate is
removed from an ATP molecule forming
an ADP molecule. By breaking this bond
energy is released to power cell activities
* Breaking down ATP is a Decomposition
Reaction which breaks down bonds &
releases energy

2. When food is broken down in Cell
Respiration the bonds that hold the
compound together are pulled apart, this
releases energy. This energy is used to add
a phosphate back on the ADP recharging
it into an ATP. (Synthesis Reaction)
3. Sometimes another phosphate is pulled off
of the ADP before it gets recharged. This
forms an AMP molecule which must have
two phosphates added to become a fully
charged ATP.
* This only occurs during prolonged times of
physical activity
ATP
Respiration
Cell Work
Food
ADP
Need to be
Recharged
All life depends on Autotrophs (Plants) for
their energy. Photosynthesis is a synthesis
reaction that occurs in the Chloroplasts of
Plant Cells
Chlorophyll
- The green pigment found in Chloroplasts
which is responsible for absorbing sunlight
(Similar to a glow in the dark pigment)
Photosynthesis
- Process in which plants convert the sun’s
energy (Light) into the solid usable form of
food (Chemical) [Food is primarily Carbs]


Light Dependent Reactions (Needs Light)
- The Light energy is captured by the
chlorophyll in the chloroplasts
- It is passed down the electron transport
chain.
- This energy is used to bond phosphates
onto ADP molecules, forming ATP
molecules.
 Light
Independent Reactions (Doesn’t
Need Light)
- ATP energy made in the light
dependent reaction is used to bond H2O
and CO2 together to form glucose
(Carbohydrates)
Photosynthesis Equation:
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sun  Food (Sugar) + Oxygen
CO2 + H2O + Light Energy  C6H12O6 + O2
All organisms (Plants & Animals) carry out Cell
Respiration. It is the process that occurs in the
Mitochondria by which ADP molecules are
recharged back into ATP.
Cell Respiration
- Process in which oxygen is used to
breakdown sugar (Food) to release its energy

* This food is primarily carbohydrates.
 Consumers eat the food 1st then they carry out
cell respiration to charge their batteries (ATP)
 Producers make the food in Photosynthesis then
carry out cell Respiration to charge their batteries
(ATP)
Glycolysis (Doesn’t Need Oxygen-anaerobic)
- Sugar is broken down into Pyruvic Acid
- 4 ATPs are produced
 Kreb’s Cycle (Requires Oxygen-aerobic)
- Pyruvic Acid is modified and CO2 is released
- 2 ATPs are produced
 Electron Transport Chain (Requires Oxygen)
- Left over products from the Kreb’s Cycle is
used and H2O is released
- 32 ATP are produced

Cellular Respiration Equation:
Food(Sugar) + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
C6H12O6 + O2

CO2
+ H2O + 38 ATP