Transcript 1 Introduction BCOR 11

BCOR 11 – Exploring Biology
Lecture 1
08/29/05
Introduction
Dr. Mike Vayda
Dr. Don Stratton
TODAY’S TOPICS
Course Operations
Principles of Living Things
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
The Basis for Scientific Discovery
Hypothesis testing through data collection
Course Fundamentals
Scope and Purpose:
Cellular Biology Module
Molecules, Cell Physiology, Molecular Genetics
Course Homepage:
www.uvm.edu/~biology/classes/011/
Text: Biology, 7th Edition by Campbell and Reece
Lecture Schedule, Assigned Readings:
www.uvm.edu/~biology/classes/011/?page=lecsched.html
Exams:
Take best 2 out of 3
Sept 23, Oct 19, Nov 14
REQUIRED
Final Exam week of Dec 10
No make up exams
Exam Format: multiple, multiple choice
can have 1 or more correct answers
Must come to our sections
B or D
REVIEW SESSION before each exam
1.
4.
Water can spontaneously dissociate to form:
a. Two political parties
b. H+ and OH- species
c. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic species
d. Na+ and Cl- species
e. Chiral (handed) carbons
f. Membrane-bound organelles
g. Ions
h. Hydrogen bonds to nonpolar functional groups
j. Democratic presidential candidates
k. dipoles
The molecule pictured at right :
a. Is an amino acid
b. Contains a chiral carbon
c. Is a nucleic acid monomer
d. Is soluble in water
e. Is the left handed form of a stereoisomer pair
d. Is a building block of proteins
e. Is alanine
f. Is glutamic acid
g. Is glucose
h. Has a polar R-group
j. Was downloaded from Howard Dean’s Web Site
STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESS
Come to Class
Take notes, ask questions, review frequently
Read the Book!
Office Hours:
Vayda - call 6-0555 or [email protected]
Stratton – call 6-9371 or [email protected]
Study with friends, classmates
Tutoring available from Living and Learning
6-4075 (Dave DiElsi)
Lecture and Lab
Concepts vs. Techniques
Molecules
Water
Macromolecules
Cell Structures
Energetics
Cellular Biochemistry
Cell Division
Molecular Genetics
Microscopy
Immunocytochemistry
Bacterial transformation
Protein isolation and
characterization
DNA isolation and
characterization
Lectures NOT coupled to Labs
GRADING
200 pts – hour exams
200 pts – final exam
200 pts – Laboratory
100 pts – Assignments (through Lab)
700 pts TOTAL
Academic Honesty
- exams
- lab write ups
QUESTIONS on Course Operations ?
Chapter 1 Readings Topics
Properties of Living Things
Types of Cells
Emergent Properties
Reductionism, Systems Biology
Feedback
Taxonomy
Evolution
Hypothesis Driven Science
We recognize life by what organisms do:
Adapt through
Natural Selection
respond
Create order
(a) Order
(b) Evolutionary
adaptation
(c) Response to the
environment
Produce
Offspring
Regulate
Their
Domain
(d) Regulation
Control energy flow
Figure 1.2
(e) Energy
processing
(f) Growth and
development
(g) Reproduction
grow
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Species
Individual
Multicellular Organism
System
Organ
Tissue
CELL
CELL
Sub-cellular Organelles
Sub-cellular Complexes
Macromolecules
Monomeric molecules
Atoms
Subatomic Particles
-protons
-neutrons
-electrons
Fundamental Life Processes
1. The CELL is the basic unit of life
2. All cells come from pre-existing cells
Concentrate things against gradients
3. Cells Delineate INSIDE from OUTSIDE compartments
control the microenvironment - MEMBRANES
4. Build COMPLEX STRUCTURES from simple structures
monomers
polymers
Create ORDER and COMPLEXITY
5. Life Requires ENERGY INPUT, because of 3 & 4
going uphill
6. ORGANIZATION (SPATIAL INFORMATION)
heredity, cell organization,
self-assembly – informational surfaces
Chapter 1 Readings Topics
Properties of Living Things
Types of Cells
Emergent Properties
Reductionism, Systems Biology
Feedback
Taxonomy
Evolution
Hypothesis Driven Science
Two Broad Classes of Cells
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Pro = before
Eu = true
karyon = nucleus
DO NOT HAVE
A NUCLEUS
NO internal membranes
HAVE
A NUCLEUS
membrane-bound
organelles
bacteria, cyanobacteria
archaebacteria
plants
Animals
fungi
Relative Sizes
“Typical”
Bacterium
~ 1-2 M
“Typical”
Animal Cell
~ 5 to 20 M diameter
“Typical”
Plant Cell
~ 5 to 50 M diameter
M = micrometer or micron =10-6 meter
Tissues
Cells
Proteins
Milli
micro
nano
Organelles
Macromolecules
Macromolecular
Complexes
Molecules/Atoms
Internal
membrane-bound
Organelles
Animal Cell (Eukaryotic)
No
internal
membranes
Bacterial Cell
(Prokaryotic)
On the same
size scale:
Bacterial cell
(Prokaryotic
Animal Cell
(Eukaryotic)
TAXONOMY – grouping of organisms with similar
characteristics
• Classifying life
Species Genus Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Ursus
americanus
(American
black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Figure 1.14
Eukarya
Kingdom
Domain
Unity in the Diversity of Life
• As diverse as life is
– There is also evidence of remarkable unity
15 µm
Genetic Mechanisms
Biochemistry
Cellular Components,
organization, function
1.0 µm
Cilia of Paramecium.
The cilia of Paramecium
propel the cell through
pond water.
5 µm
Figure 1.16
Cross section of cilium, as viewed
with an electron microscope
Cilia of windpipe cells. The cells that line the human windpipe
are equipped with cilia that help keep the lungs clean by moving
a film of debris-trapping mucus upward.
The SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. FORMULATE a reasonable hypothesis to
Explain an observation
2. TEST the hypothesis with a
Controlled, Reproducible Experiment
3. ASSESS results of the experiment
4. Draw CONCLUSION of “How Things Work”
- then test that
“[scientific truth] is not a citadel of certainty
to be defended against error;
it is a shady spot where one eats lunch
before tramping on”
L. White, 1968
Observations
Questions
Hypothesis # 1:
Dead batteries
Prediction:
Replacing batteries
will fix problem
Test prediction
Figure 1.25
Test falsifies hypothesis
Hypothesis # 2:
Burnt-out bulb
Prediction:
Replacing bulb
will fix problem
Test prediction
Test does not falsify hypothesis
prior to the 17th Century
Life was considered “super-natural”
beyond the Laws of Nature
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
living things arise de novo = “from nothing”
Wet hay gives rise to mice
mosquitoes come from swamps, ponds, puddles
decaying corpses turn into maggots
Francesco Redi’s experiment:
Start
Control
Experimental
Control
Experimental
1 week
later
Conclusion: Maggots come from flies, not from the decaying meat
Redi’s Follow-Up Experiment:
Cover
1 week
Conclusion: maggots are immature forms of flies
Next Time
Chapter 2:
Atoms, Bonding, Molecules
Will begin - Chapter 3: Water