Transcript Biochemistry Notes

Biochemistry
What does CHEMISTRY have to do
with each of these BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES?
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Biochemistry
Elements of Life
• 96% of
living
organisms
are made of:




carbon (C)
oxygen (O)
hydrogen
(H)
nitrogen (N)
Molecules of Life
• Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms
• What are bodies made of?
– carbohydrates
• sugars & starches
– fats (lipids)
– proteins
– nucleic acids
• DNA, RNA
Why do we eat?
• We eat to take in more of these chemicals
– Food for building materials
• to make more of us (cells)
• for growth
• for repair
– Food to make energy
• calories
• to make ATP
ATP
Don’t forget water
• Water
– 65% of your body is H2O
– water is inorganic
• doesn’t contain carbon
• Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
– organic molecules
•
•
•
•
carbohydrates
proteins
fats
nucleic acids
Building large molecules of life
• Chain together smaller molecules
– building block molecules = monomers
(“mono”=one)
• Big molecules built from little molecules
– Polymers (“poly”=many
Building important polymers
Carbohydrates = built from sugars
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar
Proteins = built from amino acids
amino amino amino amino amino amino
acid – acid – acid – acid – acid – acid
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide –
nucleotide
Building important polymers
Carbohydrates = built from sugars
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar
Proteins = built from amino acids
amino amino amino amino amino amino
acid – acid – acid – acid – acid – acid
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide –
nucleotide
How to build large molecules
• Synthesis
– building bigger molecules from
smaller molecules
– building cells & bodies
• repair
• growth
• reproduction
+
ATP
How to break large molecules
• Digestion
– taking big molecules apart
– getting raw materials
• for synthesis & growth
– making energy (ATP)
• for synthesis, growth & everyday functions
ATP
+
Example of digestion
ATP
ATP
Starch
(glucose storage in plants)
Glycogen
(glucose storage in animals)
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
glucose
ATP
STARCH/GLYCOGEN ARE DIGESTED TO GLUCOSE
Example of synthesis
amino acids
protein
 Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino
acids
amino acids = building block
protein = polymer
Four classes of Organic Molecules aka
Macromolecules
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
Macromolecule: Carbohydrate
1. Carbohydrate (Starch/Sugar)
-Elements: C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio)
-Shape: Hexagon
Glucose
Another name for Glucose is SUGAR
FYI: Saccharide means SUGAR
-Function: Quick source of ENERGY; structure
(cell wall in plants made of cellulose)
-Monomer “subunit”: Monosaccharide
-Names end in –ose
Examples: Fructose, Sucrose, Cellulose
Macromolecule: Carbohydrate
-Examples of Carbohydrate:
– 1. Monosaccharide “One Sugar”:
a) glucose made by plants
– 2. Disaccharide “Two Sugars”:
a) table sugar (Sucrose)
– 3. Polysaccharide “Many Sugars”:
a) starch- stores energy in plants (potatoes)
b) cellulose- makes up plant cell walls
c) chitin- exoskeleton of arthropods
d) glycogen- stored in animal liver
Monosaccharide - Glucose
Disaccharide – Table Sugar
Polysaccharides
Starch in Potato
Cellulose in plant cell walls
Glycogen in animal
liver
Chitin in exoskeleton
Cellulose
• Cell walls in plants
– herbivores can digest cellulose well
– most carnivores cannot digest cellulose
• that’s why they
eat meat
to get their energy
& nutrients
• cellulose = roughage
– stays undigested
– keeps material
moving in your
intestines
Helpful bacteria
• How can cows digest cellulose so well?
– BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
Macromolecule: Lipid
2. Lipid (Fat)
-Elements: C, H, O
-Shape: Letter E
Glycerol (backbone)
3 Fatty acids
-Function:
a) long term ENERGY storage
b) insulation (think about whale blubber)
c) makes up cell membranes
d) cushions organs
-Monomer “subunit”: Fatty Acids
-Examples: Oils (potatoes chips), Fats, Waxes,
Steroids & Phospholipids
Molecular Structure of Fat
Not a chain/polymer= just a “big
fat molecule”
Glycerol
Fatty acid
Two Types of Lipids:
1) Saturated:
-SOLID at room
temperature
2) Unsaturated:
-LIQUID at room
temperature
-No Double Bonds
-Has Double Bonds
-“Bad Fats”
-”Good Fats”
- Limit the amount in diet - Better choice for diet
Examples: Cheese and Examples: plant,
butter
vegetable, and fish fats
Lipids: Saturated Fats
Lipids: Unsaturated Fats
Other lipids in biology
• Cholesterol
– good molecule in cell membranes
– make hormones from it
• including sex hormones
– but too much cholesterol in blood
may lead to heart disease
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Other lipids in biology
• Cell membranes are made out of lipids
– phospholipids
– heads are on the outside touching water
• “like” water
– tails are on inside away from water
• “scared” of water
– forms a barrier
between the cell
& the outside
Proteins:
Multipurpose
molecules
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Examples of Proteins:
– muscle
– skin, hair, fingernails, claws
• collagen, keratin
– pepsin
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• digestive enzyme
in stomach
– Insulin
• Hormone that controls
blood sugar levels
– Hemoglobin
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• Oxygen-carrying part of
blood cells
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Macromolecule: Protein
3. Protein (Polypeptides)
-Elements: C, H, O, N
-Shape:
Amino Acid Group
-Function:
a) Speed up chemical reactions (Enzymes)
b) Transport molecules in the cell membrane
c) Movement, regulation, and structure
-Monomer “subunit”: Amino Acids
(Amino Acids are held together by
a peptide bond)
Peptide Bond
Amino Acids
Macromolecule: Protein
-Names end in “-in” or “-ase”
Examples: Keratin, Actin, Hemoglobin, Insulin,
Protease or Lipase
-Examples of Proteins
1) Hemoglobin: transports oxygen in
red blood cells
2) Insulin: regulates blood sugar levels
3) Keratin: waterproofs skin and nails
4) Actin: contraction in muscle cells
5) Transport Proteins: helps move
molecules across cell membranes
6) Protease: helps break down proteins
7) Lipase: breaks down lipids
Proteins
• Building block = amino acids
amino amino amino amino amino
acid – acid – acid – acid – acid
20 different amino acids
H
O
H |
||
—N—
—C— C—OH
H |
variable
group
There are
20 of us…
like 20 different
letters in an
alphabet…
Can make lots of
different
words
3-D protein structure
• Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shapes
– that’s what happens in the cell!
• Different shapes = different jobs
growth
hormone
hemoglobin
pepsin
collagen
With Proteins…
Its shape that matters!
• Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape
• Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
– wrong shape = can’t do its job
– unfolding proteins = “denature”
• temperature
• pH (acidity)
folded
unfolded
“denatured”
Macromolecules and Indicators
• Carbohydrates –
– Sugar - Benedicts Solution
• Solution will turn from blue to red-brown.
– Starch – Iodine (IKI)
• Solution will turn from yellow to black.
• Lipids – Brown Paper Test
• Paper will have a “greasy” spot.
• Proteins – Biuret Test
• Solution will turn violet.
Lab: Indicators
Macromolecule: Nucleic Acid
4. Nucleic Acid
-Elements: C,H,O,P,N
-Shape:
Nitrogen Base
Phosphate
Circle
Rectangle
Sugar
Pentagon
-Function: stores/transfers genetic
information
directions for making proteins (protein
synthesis------DNA>RNA>Protein)
-Monomer “subunit”: Nucleotides
-Examples:
1) DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
2) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Macromolecule: Nucleic Acid
DNA: A,T,G,C
RNA: A, U, G, C
DNA: Deoxyribose Sugar
RNA: Ribose Sugar
Nucleotide: DNA “Double Helix”
5
O
3
3
O
P
5
O
C
G
1
P
5
3
2
4
4
2
3
1
P
T
5
A
P
3
O
O
P
5
O
3
5
P
T
C
G
T
A
G
C
strong bonds
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Structure of DNA 1:14
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Why do we need weak bonds between the base pairs?
A