Transcript Chapter Outline (continued)

C H A P T E R
18
Deviance and Sport
Chapter 18 Deviance and Sport
Chapter Outline
• Rule Breaking
• Emotion and Deviant Behavior
• Violence in Sport
• Performance Enhancement Through Drugs
(continued)
Chapter Outline (continued)
• Eating Disorders in Sport
• Hazing in Sport
• Gambling and Sport
• Chapter Summary
Definitions
• Deviant behavior: Behavior that is beyond
“normal” behavior; can be good or bad
• Underconformity: Breaking the rules, not
adhering to norms
• Overconformity: Internalizing the rules to
the extreme
Discussion
What examples of underconformity and
overconformity in sport have you witnessed
or been a part of?
Rule Breaking in Sport
• Occurs accidentally and intentionally.
• Probably less of this behavior now with
increase in officiating, media, TV replays.
• Organizations promote good behavior.
• Include steeper penalties for different types.
Examples of Rule Breaking
• Modifying equipment
• Committing intentional fouls
• Faking injuries for time-outs
• Participating in brawls
• Often done for strategic advantage
Discussion
What should be the limit of acceptance for
strategic rule breaking?
Role of Excitement and Emotion
• Athletes
– Stress of competition
– Consumed by emotion
– Optimal levels of arousal and intensity
• Fans
– Increase in excitement and arousal with tailgating,
alcohol use
– Hooliganism
Violence in Society
• Media exposure and occasional leniency to
accused offenders who are athletes give
perception that athletes are more violent
than other segments of society.
• Sport mirrors society in violent acts and
acceptance of violent acts.
On-Field Violence in Sport
• Demands of collision and contact sports
• Enforcer roles
• Societal view of masculinity encouraging
warrior mentality
• Part of the game (5 for fighting, NFL’s
Dirtiest Player)
• Examples: Steve Bertuzzi, Ron Artest
Off-Field Violence in Sport
• Unclear if on-field violence leads to off-field
violence.
• Alcohol use escalates violence incidence
(athletes more prone to binge drinking).
• Some sports may not cause more violent
off-field behavior, but rather attract people
who are already more violent.
• Challenges to manhood occur off the field.
Violence Against Women
• Three-year study:
– Athletes make up 3% of college population, but
account for 19% of sexual assaults and 35% of
domestic assaults on campus.
– Athletes commit one in three sexual assaults.
– General population conviction rate is 80% for sexual
assaults, but only 38% for athletes.
• Sense of entitlement
Consequences of On-Field
Violent Behavior
• Shortened careers (and reduced earnings)
• Pressure to return from injuries, regardless
of source
• Concussions: a change in view recently
• Negative publicity for teams, leagues,
organizations
• Poor behavior modeling
Discussion
How can athletes, coaches, fans,
organizations, and the media reduce violence
in sport settings?
Performance Enhancers
• Athletes may use steroids and other drugs
to enhance athletic performance:
– Increased use and scandals among athletes (Jose
Canseco, Bode Miller)
– Random drug testing in Olympics and some
professional leagues (MLB congressional hearings)
• Not a new phenomenon, but more media
exposure
Types of Drugs Used by
Modern Athletes
• Prescription, over-the-counter: Promote
healing; mask pain; risks are long term.
• Stimulants: In use for decades; increase
arousal and energy levels.
• Anabolic steroids: Increase muscle size, speed,
and strength; improves ability of muscles to
train quickly after exhaustion.
• Others: HGH, doping, amino acids.
Key Point
• In London 2012 Olympics, there will be a
record number of drug tests.
• More than 5,000 blood and urine tests will
be administered, and a few weeks later, an
additional 1,200 tests will be carried out at
the Paralympics at the same venue (Beikoff
2010b).
Potential Issues With Drug Use
•
Growing rejection by fans, parents, kids
•
Withdrawal of financial support
•
Acceptance
•
Long-term health risks
•
Youth athletes emulating the big leagues
•
Females: Risks to future pregnancies
•
Genetic engineering
Discussion
How is your enjoyment or interest in watching
elite sport altered by allegations or proof of
athletes using performance-enhancing drugs?
Responding to Drug Use in Sport
• IOC and WADA efforts
• Government involvement (hearings)
• Sport organizations caring for athletes and
seeing it as management and labor issue
• Media being fair and balanced (not blaming)
• Parents, educational programs
• Sport and exercise scientists
Eating Disorders in Sport
• Up to 33% of female athletes reported to
have eating disorders (higher than
nonathletes).
• Sport attracts the disciplined, determined.
• Includes anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa,
disordered eating, compulsive exercise.
(continued)
Eating Disorders in Sport
(continued)
• Eating disorders among female athletes
have increased since Title IX.
• Coaches and parents can inadvertently
encourage eating disorders.
• Female athlete triad:
– Disordered eating
– Amenorrhea
– Osteoporosis
Hazing in Sport
• Includes mental or physical harm or anxiety
and demeaning or degrading behavior
regardless of intent or consent.
• 80% of college athletes have been hazed.
• All athletes are at risk.
• Seen as a rite of passage.
• Dangerous acts (excessive physical
punishment, sexual assault) increase.
Discussion
What steps have been taken in recent years to
curb hazing in sport?
Gambling in Sport
• Has always been an important issue for
sports organizers: Without public
confidence in integrity of the games, the
popularity of the games will decline.
• Players: Chicago “Black Sox,” college
basketball, Pete Rose
• Referees: Tim Donaghy, 2006 World Cup
Gambling on Sport
Fans:
– 48 of 50 U.S. states allow some type of gambling.
– Internet makes gambling much easier.
– Illegal wagers result in up to $380 billion annually.
– Involvement of organized crime is concern.
– Online betting is increasing, not yet illegal.
– College students who gamble also more likely to
engage in other risky behaviors.
Discussion
Does the popularity of fantasy sports increase
the likelihood that fans will develop a
gambling problem?