Transcript The Chemistry of Life

Organic Compounds
Organic compounds
A.
B.
Contain Carbon
(carbon can form 4
bonds)
Are large and stable
Organic
Compounds
C. Examples:
Biomolecules
Biomolecules are organic compounds
produced by living things. There are
four groups of biomolecules:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Nucleic Acids
4. Proteins
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Examples – sugars, glucose, glycogen,
starch, cellulose
 Elements – C,H,O
 H:O ratio – 2:1
 Monomer – monosaccharide
 Function – Quick energy Storage

Carbohydrates

Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
1.
Monosaccaride – simple carb
a.
b.
Function: Energy source (ex: glucose,
fructose)
Form: a “circle” of carbons, also including
hydrogen and oxygen
Carbohydrates
2. Polysaccaride – complex carb
a.
b.
Function: Energy source (ex: starch in plants
and glycogen in animals) and structural (ex:
cellulose and chitin)
Form: a “string” of monosaccarides
Monosaccharides – smallest unit
Polysaccharides
Simple vs Complex Carbs?
Lipids – fats, waxes
Lipids
Examples – fats, oils, waxes, steroids
 Elements – C,H,O
 H:O ratio – >2:1
 Monomer – glycerol + fatty acids
 Function – Long-term energy Storage

Lipids
Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen.
 Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and
steroids (such as cholesterol.)
 Lipids are generally not soluble in water

Lipids
1.
2.
Function: energy storage and
waterproofing membranes
Form: Gylcerol attached to a long chain
of fatty acids
Triglycerides
– contain C,
H, O
(H:O > 2:1)
Saturated vs Unsaturated
The Good – Omega-3 Fats
 Lower
blood
pressure
 Decrease risk of
heart attack
 Protect against
irregular
heartbeats
Nucleic
Acid
Nucleic Acids
Examples – DNA & RNA
 Elements – C,H,O,N,P
 H:O ratio – N/A
 Monomer – nucleotide
 Function – Heredity

Nucleic Acids

Macromolecules containing carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
phosphorus
1.
Function: store and transmit genetic
information
Form: long chain of nucleotides. Each
nucleotide is made of a 5-carbon sugar,
a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous
base.
2.
Proteins
Proteins
Examples – insulin, keratin, enzymes
 Elements – C,H,O,N
 H:O ratio – N/A
 Monomer – amino acid
 Function – building and repairing,
speeding up reactions

Proteins

Macromolecules containing carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
1.
Function:
a.
b.
c.
2.
Control the rate of reactions and regulate
cell processes
Form bones and muscles
Transport substances into or out of cells or
help fight disease
Form: long chain of amino acids folded
into complex structures
Peptide Bonds/Polypeptide
Primary
Structure –
amino acid
sequence
determines the
protein
-If you switch 2
amino acids, you
get a whole new
protein
Secondary
Structure –
alpha helix &
beta pleated
sheet
Tertiary
Structure
Quaternary Structure – 2 or more
polypeptides bond together
Protein Folding
Inactive
Active
Enzymes:
 Bind to substrate (molecule it acts on)
 Are specific (binds to certain substrate)
 Has active site (where substrate binds)
 Are reusable
 Are affected by temperature and pH
 Are PROTEINS
Metabolism – all chemical reactions in a
biological system
 Catabolism – breakdown of substances
 Anabolism – formation of new products

Catabolic Enzyme
Anabolic Enzyme
Chemical Reactions/EA
Enzyme Lab Conclusion
Rate of reaction is determined by
measuring the disappearance of substrate
or the accumulation of product
 Rate of reaction is the slope of the linear
portion of the graph
 Reaction rate is affected by pH, substrate
conc., enzyme conc., temperature, and
ionic con.

Conclusions
 Enzymes
have optimum pH,
temperature, and salt concentrations
that they work in
 General rules
 Temp
 Lower
the temp, the slower the molecules
collide – slower the reaction rate
 Higher the temp, the faster the molecules
move around – faster the reaction rate
 Too high a temperature (60-70 C) – protein
denatures – reaction doesn’t occur
pH – too high or too low the H+ or OH –
ions react with the amino acid side chains
(R groups) – improper folding occurs –
reaction slows
 Salt conc. – too much or too little causes
improper folding of protein
 Substrate concentration – lower the
substrate conc., the slower the reaction

Factors
Affecting
Enzyme
Activity
Re-Quiz

Get out a sheet of notebook paper

Label it Re-Quiz # ___; your name, class
period
 DO

NOT write on this re-quiz!
Once you are finished, turn the notebook
paper into the box and place the re-quiz
on my podium please.
Unit 1 Review