Transcript New Biochem Power Point

Biochemistry Vocabulary
Define:
Biomolecule
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
Polymer
Organic
Inorganic
Monomer
Nucleic Acid
The Chemistry of Life!!!
What are you made of?
Atom:
- smallest unit of
matter; unable to be
cut into smaller units
and still remain the
same.
But what do you get when you cut an atom in half?
Proton: -positively charged
+
Neutron: -neutral charge (no charge)
Electron:
- negative charge
-
What is an element?
No, Not this
Element:
- a group of atoms with
the same structure and
properties.
What happens when an
atom has more neutrons
than it is supposed to?
Isotopes Happen!
Isotopes: - an isotope is an atom with more, or less
neutrons than other atoms of its element.
“Normal” Carbon 12
6 Protons
6 Neutrons
6 Electrons
Radioactive Carbon 14
6 Protons
8 Neutrons
6 Electrons
What happens when you put two elements together?
Compounds are formed.
Compound:
- two or more elements
that are combined in
specific proportions.
Ex - NaCl
a.k.a……….
Salt
What holds the Compounds together?
Bonds,………………………… Chemical Bonds
Def: - forces that hold individual atoms and
compounds together
Types:
Ionic Bond:
- the theft of an
electron
Happens when
atoms are
strongly charged
+ and -
Covalent Bond:
- sharing an electron
Happens when
atoms are not
strong enough to
steal electrons.
Example:
H2O
Hydrogen Bonds
- weak attraction between atoms because of their
magnetic attraction
+
Water molecules have the
hydrogen atoms (blue)
only on one side which
+ gives them a positive
+
charge at that end.
At the other end the oxygen
(red) has a negative charge
-
When another water molecule is near, they
are attracted + to – (positive to negative)
Water, Water, Everywhere………….
Water: – the universal solvent
+
Polar (polarity) : having
a definite positive and
negative region on/in a
molecule.
That means that a water molecule
is like a little magnet!
Anything that is magnet
(polar) will stick to water!!
Water sticks to other things
Adhesion:
-the ability of water to
stick to other polar
molecules.
This is how plants
get water to the top
of the trees, and how
paper towels pick up
spills.
Cohesion:
- the ability of water
molecules to stick to other
water molecules.
`
We must break through
these bonds to enter water.
Surface tension – cohesion
at the surface of water
When you put sugar in your tea, what happens?
The sugar dissolves
The water molecules
surround the glucose
molecules and pull them
away from other ones.
Solution:
- combination of
components are evenly
distributed in a liquid
substance (water)
If you put sand in water and mix it, what happens?
The sand sinks to
the bottom.
Suspension:
- components of a
mixture that will
not dissolve in
the liquid, thus
settle.
Acids and Bases
• One of the most important aspects of a living
system is the degree of acidity or alkalinity
• Acids form Hydrogen ions
in water H+
– HCl  H+ + Cl• Bases form Hydroxide
ions in water OH- NaOH  Na+ + OH-
Acids
• Number of hydronium ions in solutions is
greater than the number of hydroxide ions
• HCl  H+ + Cl-
Bases
• Number of hydroxide ions in solution is
greater than the number of hydronium ions
• NaOH  Na+ + OH-
Why does orange juice sting
sometimes?
Why does Coca-Cola fizz?
Acid is in there!
Acid and Base is a part of everything around you.
It is measured on a scale called a pH scale
Acid
0
Stomach
acid
1.5
Neutral
7
Orange
juice
3
Water
7.0
Base
14
Soap
10.0
Bleach
13
Carbon Compounds
`
Carbon:
An element that is used
by organic life forms to
make molecules of the
body.
Macromolecule:
Macro = large or many
Molecule = arranged atoms
Def: a large molecule composed of many units, or
smaller molecules
Ex:
Glucose
A single 6
carbon ring
But if I add a lot of them together, I get:
Complex Carbs
A single unit is a MONOMER
Having multiple units is a
POLYMER
First Carbohydrates
What is a Carb?
Chemical Structure of a Carbohydrate:
Carbohydrates are found
in the Ratio of :
O
H
1 Carbon to 2 Hydrogen
to 1 Oxygen
1:2:1
or
H
2:1
Glucose (simplest carb):
C6H12O6
C
Usually found in
a ring
Where do we see Glucose in
our daily lives?
Honey is Glucose
with minor things
added by the bees.
If you put two glucose molecules
together, you can get several
different things
Sucrose
Lactose
Fructose
If you stick several Glucose Molecules
together we get………
Complex carbs! a.k.a. polysaccharides
Def:
long term storage of glucose used for different
things:
Starch:
Cellulose:
Glycogen:
Used by plants
to store excess
glucose
Used by plants as
a building
material
Used by animals
to store excess
glucose
What can you eat that has more energy than Carbs?
Second Molecule:
Lipids (fats) can
store enough energy
that they can even
hold a flame!
Plants store fat as liquids.
Animals store fat as solids
Lipid Composition:
A Glycerin Molecule
This acts as a connector for:
Three Fatty acids
The fatty acids contain
several carbon groups that
store energy in their bonds.
Uses for Lipids:
1. Energy Storage
We use fatty acids for energy when
we work out and carbs. have been
used up
2. Structure of cells
Every cell has a cell
membrane that is made
of Phospholipids.
3. Messengers
Steroids are lipids that carry
messages through the blood stream
If I am trying to get strong,
what do I eat?
a.k.a.
Proteins
Third Molecule:
Proteins are used as structural
components in all cells!
Amino acids:
- 20
different molecules that
combine to make all proteins
These are just two
Protein Uses:
Construction:
Proteins build components
inside and outside our cells
Enzyme reactions:
Enzymes are special proteins that
build or break down materials
inside or outside the cells
What happens to the food you eat?
Enzymes break
down the food by
acting as a
Catalyst
Enzyme
(catalyst)
Food particle
(substrate)
Catalyst – anything
The enzyme attaches
that makes a
to the food at the
reaction take place
“active site”
without being
changed itself The enzyme breaks the
food into smaller usable
pieces (products) and
releases them
Fourth Molecule:
Nucleic Acids: The cells Blueprint
DNA & RNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid & RiboNucleic Acid
The “basic building
blocks” that make up
nucleic acids are called
NUCLEOTIDES
Phosphate group
Ribose Sugar
Nitrogen Base
DNA:
Contains all the genetic material
that is needed by the cell.
It is found in a “Double Helix”,
two twists in a clockwise spiral.
RNA:
A single strand of Nucleotides that
carries a message of genetic material
out of the nucleus. It’s purpose is to
build a Protein.
Define:
Review for test
1. Atom
2. Isotope
3. Ion
4. Molecule
5. Covalent bonds
6. Ionic bonds
7. Mixture
8. Products
9. Solution
10. Solute
11. Solvent
12. Adhesion
13. Cohesion
14. Monomer
15. Polymer
16. Carbohydrate
17. Lipid
18. Nucleic acid
19. DNA
20. RNA
21. Nucleotide
22. Protein
23. Amino Acid
24. Enzyme
25. Substrate
Questions:
1. Compare and contrast Adhesion and Cohesion
2. How is polarity used by cells in compounds?
3. Describe two Chemical Bonds.
4. Compare and contrast four types of biomolecules.