Transcript Organic Molecules

1. Traits:
Organic Molecules
a. Usually contain Carbon and Hydrogen.
b. Frequently formed with covalent bonds.
c. Found in living organisms.
d. Usually larger than inorganic molecules (eg:
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic
acids, ATP).
e. Many organic molecules are formed by
dehydration synthesis
(ie: remove H+
from one molecule and OH- from another
2. Carbon:
a. An important organic element.
Often forms carbon chains and rings.
b. 4 electrons in outer shell. Tends to bond with
oneself.
c. Hydrocarbon chains make up backbones of many
organic molecules (starch, glycogen, cellulose,
fatty acids, DNA, RNA). Reactive groups
(functional groups) are attached and responsible
for chemical
properties of molecule.
d. Functional groups:
-carbonyl
-hydroxyl
- amino
-carboxyl
-phosphate
-carbonyl: C=O (ketones)
-hydroxyl:
- OH (alcohols)
Amino: - NH2 (amino acids)
Carboxyl:- C=O
(organic acids)
Phosphate
3. Proteins:
• a very diverse set of molecules
composed of amino acids (20).
•
• Types: Enzymes, antibodies, cell
receptors, membrane carriers,
hormones, structural molecules.
a. Mainly a structural function in living organisms:
- Collagen-- connective tissue protein
- Keratin-- hair, nails, skin
- Elastin-- connective tissue protein
- Actin & Myosin-- muscle proteins
- Hemoglobin--red pigment molecule in RBCs
b. Enzymes: Initiate (catalyze) and accelerate
chemical reactions. Act as catalysts to speed up
chemical reactions. Enzymes are not destroyed in
the reaction and are used repeatedly. Enzymes act
upon specific substrates.
c. Hormones: Stimulate functions in various parts of
body. Produced in endocrine glands and
Enzime
•
d.
Structure of Proteins: Amino acids
(subunits of proteins; building block
molecules joined by peptide bonds).
-Dipeptide= 2 amino acids bonded
together covalently.
-Polypeptide= many amino acids
covalently bonded.
Denaturation: the breaking of hydrogen
bonds that maintain tertiary structure.
Enzyme loses proper functional, molecular
shape for its substrate.
4. Carbohydrates: Organic molecules
that contain carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen
(sugars and starches).
a. Structure:
H-C-OH,
2:1 ratio H to C
Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharide
Monosaccharides
(simple sugars)-- 1 single-unit sugar molecule
comprises the molecule of the compound
(glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose).
Monosaccharides are the building blocks of
carbohydrates.
Disaccharides-2 monosaccharide
molecules
covalently
bonded
- glucose+ glucose = maltose
- glucose + fructose = sucrose
- glucose + galactose = lactose
Polysaccharide-- many monosaccharides
covalently bonded.
-Glycogen, animal sugar (storage of
glucose).
Stored in liver and muscle.
-Starch, plant sugar (storage of glucose).
-glucose is stored as
a large molecule rather
than individual molecules.
Prevents osmotic
damage to the cell.
•
Lipids: All nonpolar molecules
insoluble in water.
a. In animals, fats function as energy
storage molecules that provide
protection, insulation, padding,
support.
• Fats & Oils (triglycerides)
-Glycerol + 3 fatty acids (long carbon
chains \
Covalent bond Carbon
• Double covalent
• Triple Covalent bond
• Saturated fatty acids (only single
covalent bonds between carbons).
I.g. Beef, pork, lard, butter, whole
milk, eggs, cheese, palm oil.
Unsaturated fatty acids
(1 or more double
covalent bond
between carbons).
-Polyunsaturated: corn, safflower, sunflower,
cottonseed, sesame,
Soybean oils.
-Monounsaturated: olive, canola, and peanut
oils
Other important lipids:
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Steroids
Phospholipids
Phospholipids
Vitamins E, A, D, K
Steroids: Cholesterol (structural and
precursor molecule to the sex hormones
and adrenal cortex hormones.
Phospholipids: components of membranes.
Phosphate end of molecule is polar
(hydrophilic). Hydrocarbon chain is nonpolar
(hydrophobic). Form micelles, surfactant.
Prostaglandins: blood
molecules with many functions
Vitamins E, A, D, K (fat soluble
vitamins).