Transcript protestant religion. - History and Geography

RENAISSANCE HUMANISM
new European Outlook
INTRODUCTION
From the 15th century, Europeans will enlarge their outlook and search new
perspectives.
They will use sciences to question their knowledge and they will also question
religion
Some humanist scholars will become famous.
Why is Renaissance humanism a kind of revolution?
Before let’s define Renaissance humanism using a text.
“The term Renaissance whose literal translation from the French is rebirth is derived from its
common association with the civilisation and artistic style of Italy during the 15th and 16th
centuries. The French word was actually adapted by the French historian Michelet in 1840 from
the Italian “Renascita”.
It’s widely felt that the Renaissance and Renaissance style in arts and architecture appeared first
in Italy about 1400, but their sources may be traced back as far as the 13th century and then
spread to the rest of Europe about 1600, when it eventually ended in Italy.
The Renaissance in Italy arose from a conjuncture of a quickening of the spirit of inquiry and a
reawakening to the ethical and aesthetic values of classical Antiquity. The classical tradition had to
be sure survived during the Middle-Ages, but what the Middle-Ages had transmitted became the
focus of a new humanistic culture and outlook. The intellectual basis for this outlook is in the
translation of Roman and Greek philosophical texts through the enthusiasm and energy of
scholars who came to be known as Humanists: they allowed the creation of a new language of
culture, painting and sculpture.
One of the chief differences between the Middle ages and the Renaissance was in the use of
reason. The Middle-Ages fixed the place of all things in relation with God, whereas Renaissance
scholars began to proceed from experience and to attempt to construct an image of the world
more in line with what could actually be observed and known. The lines between arts and sciences
were not clearly drawn at all: lots of artists as Leonardo Da Vinci also made contributions to
scientific knowledge.
In his Works Renaissance wished to rival Nature as well as the Ancients that’s why Humanism had
to deal with the Christian belief of the immortality of the soul as well as the medieval view of man.
One of its major tasks was the reconciliation of Christian concepts with pagan philosophy in a
harmonious system.”
Extracted from a British GCSE history book. 1986
1-When did Renaissance first appear in Europe?
2- According to this text, what were Renaissance and humanists?
3-Why was Renaissance time so different from the Middle Ages?
4-What was the main problem between humanism and religion?
DEFINITION:
Renaissance humanism was an intellectual and cultural movement based on
the recovery and imitation of Greek and Roman antiquity.
It began in the fourteenth century and continued until the seventeenth,
making an impact on literature, arts, religion and sciences.
Humanists expressed themselves thanks to a new invention in 1440:
Gutenberg's printing press
I/AN AGE OF
EXPLORATION
A/ A NEED FOR NEW CONQUESTS
- In the 15th century, Europeans had a very partial vision of the world and it
was very linked with the Bible
-They needed new conquests:
to counterbalance the Turkish expansion with the failure of crusades
and the taking of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453
to find new trade links to get cheap silk and Gold
New spices in Europe (introduced
during the Crusades) = demand
for the spices.
Europeans try to find new trade
routes because they want new
sources of wealth
Muslims sold
Spices to Italians
for lots of $
Italians
sell it
to Europe
for
MORE $$$
Europe buys
it for a
higher price
B/ THE NEW DISCOVERIES
1°) New explorers
-The Spanish got rid of the Muslims ( Reconquista) so they invested time and
money in explorations to spread Christianity elsewhere
-Portuguese wanted to rival the Spanish
-They benefited from new inventions such as:
Portulans compass Caravel
astrolab
(1532)
2°) New discoveries
The world in the 14th
century
The world in a 1570
atlas
II/ A RELIGIOUS
REVOLUTION
A/ HUMANISM CAUSED REFORMATION ( la réforme protestante)
1) Why did Reformation occur?
Some humanist scholars criticized the Catholic Church, because:
-they considered the catholic Church was too close to Kings ( Gallicanism)
-they thought the catholic religion was too obsessed with money .
Indeed the Pope ( Julius II) sold indulgences to build Saint Peter of Rome
basilica.
-They believed the Clergy was too ignorant
2) What did they do ?
They created a new Christian religion called the PROTESTANT RELIGION.
It was divided into three branches:
-the Lutherans created by a German monk 1517
MARTIN LUTHER ( he was excommunicated):
only faith mattered to him. Anyone could be a priest
UNIVERSAL PRIESTHOOD
-the Calvinists created by a French JEAN CALVIN who believed in
predestination
-the Anglicans founded by the English king HENRY 8th who wanted to
get divorced
B/ THE CATHOLIC CHURCH’S REACTION
1) The council of Trent 1545-1563
A Council ( CONCILE) is a meeting of bishops who explains the Pope’s
decisions.
It occurred in a Italian city called Trent, hence the name.
-they met in different sessions.
2) What was decided? ( Text)
It was to go against the protestants and to modernize the Catholic Church
Let’s build a table
What was talked about
Lines 3-4 define a common
ground of belief…schism
Lines 7 the special place of
Mary…
Line 8 the role of devotional
works
Line 8 the sacraments
Line 9 the saints and angels
Line 9 latin in worship
Line 10 The role of the Clergy to
interpret…
Line 11The primacy of the Pope
Line 14More effective educated
Clergy
Why was this needed?
What was talked about
Lines 3-4 define a common
ground of belief…schism
Lines 7 the special place of
Mary…
Line 8 the role of devotional
works
Line 8 the sacraments
Line 9 the saints and angels
Line 9 latin in worship
Line 10 The role of the Clergy to
interpret…
Line 11The primacy of the Pope
Line 14More effective educated
Clergy
Why was this needed?
Mass books were created so
masses were the same
everywhere
What was talked about
Why was this needed?
Lines 3-4 define a common
ground of belief…schism
Mass books were created so
masses were the same
everywhere
Lines 7 the special place of
Mary…
Protestants did not worship Mary
but only Jesus
Line 8 the role of devotional
works
Line 8 the sacraments
Line 9 the saints and angels
Line 9 latin in worship
Line 10 The role of the Clergy to
interpret…
Line 11The primacy of the Pope
Line 14More effective educated
Clergy
What was talked about
Why was this needed?
Lines 3-4 define a common
ground of belief…schism
Mass books were created so
masses were the same
everywhere
Lines 7 the special place of
Mary…
Protestants did not worship Mary
but only Jesus
Line 8 the role of devotional
works
Protestant considered that faith
was enough and good works
(actions) did not matter
Line 8 the sacraments
Line 9 the saints and angels
Line 9 latin in worship
Line 10 The role of the Clergy to
interpret…
Line 11The primacy of the Pope
Line 14More effective educated
Clergy
What was talked about
Why was this needed?
Lines 3-4 define a common ground
of belief…schism
Mass books were created so
masses were the same everywhere
Lines 7 the special place of Mary…
Protestants did not worship Mary but
only Jesus
Line 8 the role of devotional works
Protestant considered that faith was
enough and good works (actions)
did not matter
Line 8 the sacraments
Only 2 sacraments in the Protestant
religion: baptism and communion
Line 9 the saints and angels
Line 9 latin in worship
Line 10 The role of the Clergy to
interpret…
Line 11The primacy of the Pope
Line 14More effective educated
Clergy
What was talked about
Why was this needed?
Lines 3-4 define a common ground
of belief…schism
Mass books were created so
masses were the same everywhere
Lines 7 the special place of Mary…
Protestants did not worship Mary but
only Jesus
Line 8 the role of devotional works
Protestant considered that faith was
enough and good works (actions)
did not matter
Line 8 the sacraments
Only 2 sacraments in the Protestant
religion: baptism and communion
Line 9 the saints and angels
Protestants did not worship saints
and angels
Line 9 latin in worship
Line 10 The role of the Clergy to
interpret…
Line 11The primacy of the Pope
Line 14More effective educated
Clergy
What was talked about
Why was this needed?
Lines 3-4 define a common ground
of belief…schism
Mass books were created so
masses were the same everywhere
Lines 7 the special place of Mary…
Protestants did not worship Mary but
only Jesus
Line 8 the role of devotional works
Protestant considered that faith was
enough and good works (actions)
did not matter
Line 8 the sacraments
Only 2 sacraments in the Protestant
religion: baptism and communion
Line 9 the saints and angels
Protestants did not worship saints
and angels
Line 9 latin in worship
Protestant translated the Bible in
colloquial language
Line 10 The role of the Clergy to
interpret…
Line 11The primacy of the Pope
Line 14More effective educated
Clergy
What was talked about
Why was this needed?
Lines 3-4 define a common ground of
belief…schism
Mass books were created so masses
were the same everywhere
Lines 7 the special place of Mary…
Protestants did not worship Mary but only
Jesus
Line 8 the role of devotional works
Protestant considered that faith was
enough and good works (actions) did not
matter
Line 8 the sacraments
Only 2 sacraments in the Protestant
religion: baptism and communion
Line 9 the saints and angels
Protestants did not worship saints and
angels
Line 9 latin in worship
Protestant translated the Bible in
colloquial language
Line 10 The role of the Clergy to
interpret…
For Protestant anyone could be a priest
as long as he/she could read the Bible
Line 11The primacy of the Pope
Line 14More effective educated Clergy
What was talked about
Why was this needed?
Lines 3-4 define a common ground of
belief…schism
Mass books were created so masses
were the same everywhere
Lines 7 the special place of Mary…
Protestants did not worship Mary but only
Jesus
Line 8 the role of devotional works
Protestant considered that faith was
enough and good works (actions) did not
matter
Line 8 the sacraments
Only 2 sacraments in the Protestant
religion: baptism and communion
Line 9 the saints and angels
Protestants did not worship saints and
angels
Line 9 latin in worship
Protestant translated the Bible in
colloquial language
Line 10 The role of the Clergy to
interpret…
For Protestant anyone could be a priest
as long s he/she could read the Bible
Line 11The primacy of the Pope
Protestants did not obey the Pope
Line 14More effective educated Clergy
What was talked about
Why was this needed?
Lines 3-4 define a common ground of
belief…schism
Mass books were created so masses
were the same everywhere
Lines 7 the special place of Mary…
Protestants did not worship Mary but only
Jesus
Line 8 the role of devotional works
Protestant considered that faith was
enough and good works (actions) did not
matter
Line 8 the sacraments
Only 2 sacraments in the Protestant
religion: baptism and communion
Line 9 the saints and angels
Protestants did not worship saints and
angels
Line 9 latin in worship
Protestant translated the Bible in
colloquial language
Line 10 The role of the Clergy to
interpret…
For Protestant anyone could be a priest
as long s he/she could read the Bible
Line 11The primacy of the Pope
Protestants did not obey the Pope
Line 14More effective educated Clergy
Seminaries were created
QUICLKY THIS OPPOSITION LED TO WARS OF RELIGION BETWEEN
CATHOLIC AND PROTESTANTS
EXAMPLE: In France: 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
HOPEFULLY IN 1598 HENRY 4th signed the edict of Nantes which allowed
protestants to practice freely their religion.
On top of this many people were judged and sometimes sentenced to death
by the Inquisition. ( Witch hunt )
III/ A SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION
A/ Copernicus ‘ discovery
It’s know as the Copernican revolution ( 1473-1554)
Nicolas Copernic was from Poland.
He questioned the antique vision of the universe by Ptlolemy ( Greece)
Copernic found the Sun was in the center of the universe not the Earth( 1543)
His theory explained heliocentrism and questioned geocentrism
It helped to understand natural phenomena like the seasons and the night
and the day but It questioned religion and God.
B/ Medicine
1-1542: first anatomic chart by André Vésale
2-Leonardo da Vinci made lots of drawings to study
the human body
3- Michel Servet studied the blood circulation for the first time
but He was sentenced to death in 1535
C/ But some mixed sciences and magic…
-Nostradamus 1503-1566 a French astrologer wrote a book were he
explained he could foresee the future
-Paracelsus a German astrologer ( 1493-1541) studied the effects of
minerals on the body.
But, he also said he invented the youth elixir
IV/A REVOLUTION IN ARTS
Renaissance humanism totally changed arts, because:
-It was inspired from Antiquity
-It invented new techniques : perspective oil paint, light and shadow,
mannerism
-It used new sources of inspiration and subjects
Let’s study a famous painting to show all this
THE SCHOOL OF ATHENS
BY RAPHAEL
How is this painting structured?
Vanishing
point and
lines
Where is the painter represented?
He was an Italian painter and architect
Raphaël
1453-1520
He became famous for building as an architect
Sant Peter of Rome basilica
back to painting
CHARACTERS
centre:
Plato et Aristotle show the way to knowledge
PLATO
ARISTOTLE
Athenian philosopher(427-347
BC)
Avec l’une de ses œuvres
Athenian philosopher(387-327
BC)
Avec l’une de ses œuvres
Raphaël show knowledge is important wherever it comes from
Autour de Platon et Aristote
Les philosophes grecs
Les savants
Socrate,
philosophe
Zaratoustra,
astronome
Epicure,
philosophe
athée (!)
Ptolémée,
astronome
Pythagore,
mathématicien,
musicologue
Diogène,
philosophe
Parménide,
philosophe
Euclide,
mathématicien
Pythagoras
Plato and Aristotle
Socrates
Raphael (back)
Euclid
Zoroaster & Ptolemy
A new style
Renaissance architects got ispired from Roman and Greek architecture
Coffered
ceilings
Huge vaults (
voûtes)
A brand new architetural style
Artists were sponsored by rich patrons
popeJulius II (1500-1513)
David by Michelangelo (1475-1564, sculpture from 1501-1504)?
Medici family (
Laurent)
Laurent de Médicis by Vasari
Centers of European Renaissance
Jan Van Eyck
Portrait of
Giovanni Arnolfini
and his Wife
(1434)
Northern
Renaissance
La Renaissance flamande: les peintres sont influencés par l’Italie et
financés par les riches marchands. Ils développent un style
Stainless mirror:
particulier.
virginity
Portrait of
Giovanni Arnolfini
and his Wife
BUT…
(1434)
No religious symbol:
Couple of merchands
weird isn’t it?
getting married
Les fruits
symbolise
temptation
Dogs symbolise
loyalty and
fidelity
Thanks to
perspective, the
artist could
represent his
reflect in the
mirror
It was a way to
sign his
masterpiece
OTHER ARTISTS AND
CREATIONS….
David
Michelangelo
created his
masterpiece
David in
1504.
Sistine Chapel
About a year after creating
David, Pope Julius II
summoned Michelangelo to
Rome to work on his most
famous project, the ceiling of
the Sistine Chapel.
Creation of Eve
Separation of Light and Darkness
Creation of Adam
The Last Judgment
La Pieta 1499
Marble Sculpture
1452-1519
Painter, Sculptor,
Architect, Engineer
Genius!
Mona Lisa
Notebooks
CONCLUSION
From the 15th century to the 17th century Europeans tried to enlarge their
outlook and gain more knowledge using sciences
This had many consequences: in geography, in sciences, in religion and it
totally changed people’s life. This is why it can be said it was a revolution.
Humanists scholars played a huge part in this revolution, sometimes risking
their life and reputation.
However, there were drawbacks too
The catholic Church found really hard to accept criticism and confrontation
with sciences and many people were killed…