Transcript Biochemistry

Biochemistry
Chemical Bonds
• An Atom is the smallest unit of matter that CANNOT be broken down
by CHEMICAL means.
• Atoms are made of a nucleus containing PROTONS and NEUTRONS
• And an ELECTRON CLOUD containing electrons.
• The electrons available for bonds are called VALENCE ELECTRONS.
Elements
• Elements are pure substances.
Atomic Number and Mass
• The atomic number is the number of Protons in an atom. It is the
Blue number on our Periodic Table Chart.
• The atomic mass is the total mass of the atom. This includes the
protons and neutrons. The electrons are so small they don’t really
count.
electron
Proton
Nucleus
ee+
+/-
Xx
+/-
+
Neutron
Do you know what element this is?
How do I Identify the Element
• The Number of…………….
PROTONS
Soooooo….
The element is…….
HELIUM
Isotopes
• An isotope has the same atomic number as the
parent atom, but has a different atomic mass. This
is because it has more or less neutrons.
• Example: Carbon (C) has an atomic number of 6 and a
mass of 12 according to the Periodic table. This means it
has 6 protons and 12 – 6 = 6 neutrons.
• But scientists often use Carbon-14. This is because it still
has 6 protons, but it has 14 – 6 = 8 neutrons
So back to an ATOM (in this case
Hydrogen—1 proton, no neutrons.)
e-
+
Just like seating at a stadium…
All atoms have “seats” for electrons:
All atoms want to have a Full outer
ring.
• Ring one has room for only 1 or 2 electrons.
• Ring two and three can have up to 8 electrons.
The Outer Ring Electrons
Are Called
If an atom does NOT have enough
electrons to fill its outer ring…
It may try to:
1)
Share valence electrons with another atom
Or
2) Grab a valence electron from another atom.
Covalent Bonds—sharing of Valence Electrons
e-
H
H
e-
Covalent Bonds in H2O (water)
Have a LITTLE CHARGE so they are called
POLAR COVALENT BONDS.
+
H
+
e-
e-
ee-
O
e- e-
ee-
e-
e-
_
H
Hydrogen Bonding
HYDROGEN BONDS
BETWEEN MOLECULES
Polar Waters tend be Cohesive
ClClClNa+
Na+
Na+
HYDROGEN BONDS
BETWEEN MOLECULES
NaCl ions can fit between the
Polar water molecules. When
EVENLY dispersed they are said to
be IN SOLUTION.
Polar Waters tend be Cohesive,
Adhesive
ClClClNa+
Na+
Na+
HYDROGEN BONDS
BETWEEN MOLECULES
NaCl ions can fit between the
Polar water molecules. When
EVENLY dispersed they are said to
be IN SOLUTION.
Special Characteristics of Water
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqjcCvzWwww
• Demo
+
-
Na
Cl
Now the two IONS are attracted by charge
to each other
+
Na+ ION
_
Cl- ION
Video of Bonding
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqjcCv
zWwww
Acids and Bases
Acids
Bases
14
1
H3O+
=hydronium ion
7
H2O
OH
-
= Hydroxide ion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsAHt0FiwN
M
http://www.teachertube.com/v
ideo/science-lab-safetyvideo-rap-194405
Enzymes, which are “proteins that do
something” require specific pH levels to
work
• Stomach enzymes like to work in ACIDS
• Intestinal enzymes like to work in BASES.
Organic Chemistry—the Chemistry of Life
• All life on earth is CARBON BASED.
• Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons.
C
Organic Chemistry—the Chemistry of Life
• Because they have 4 valence electrons they can interact and BOND with
4 different atoms or molecules.
H
C
H
H
H
Organic Chemists leave out the
electrons in a molecule.
• For example
• Is written H O
• And
2
becomes just C
H
C
H
H
H
Carbons can form many molecules.
Scientists who draw organic molecules
Write them so many times that they stop even writing the C’s and H’s.
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
Becomes
H
H
C
C
C
CARBOHYDRATES
Molecules made of Carbon,
Hydrogen and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
CH2OH
OH
H
H
C
O
C
OH
OH
H
Glucose
C6H12O6
H
C
OH
CH2OH
OH
O
H
OH C
OH C
C H
H
H
OH
Fructose
These are Simple Sugars or Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides become Disaccharides
A CHAIN OF 2 SIMPLE SUGARS
CH2OH
OH
H
H
C
O
H
CH2OH
C
C
OH
OH
Glucose
O
OH
O
H
OH C
C
C H
OH
H
H
Fructose
H
CH2OH
O
C OH
H
O
H
C
OH
H
CH2 OH
C
O
O
H
OH C
C
C H
OH
H
H
POLYSACCHARIDES ARE LONGER CHAINS OF SUGARS
H
H
CH2 OH
H
O
C OH
H
CHOH
2
C
C
H
Forming Chains
That make up
Complex Carbohydrates
Such as Starches, Glycogen and
cellulose.
H
H
OH
O
OH
O
H
OH C
C
C H
OH
H
O
For example a long chain of Glucose molecules makes a STARCH.
•All Carbohydrates store ENERGY from the SUN.
•Plants make Glucose and store excess as Starches.
•Animals and Humans eat the starch and Glucose
for their energy needs.
•Animals store excess glucose as Glycogen.
LIPIDS
• Lipids are made of carbon and hydrogen.
• They are HYDROPHOBIC, ie they float on
Water.
• Common lipids include Fats, Oils, Waxes,
Phospholipids, and Steroids.
• One of the building blocks of lipids is…
Glycerol
C
C
C
The thick gooey stuff that hand creams are made of.
O
A Fatty Acid is a long chain of
Carbon and hydrogen…
C
OH
Etc…
With a Polar end
(Hint: remember that the points on the line
Indicate C and H)
And a
Non-polar
Hydrophobic
end
Add Glycerol to the Fatty acid and it becomes…
There are 3 types of fatty acids:
O
Saturated Fatty Acid (solid at room T like butter or meat fat)
O
Mono-unsaturated Fatty Acid
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (liquid at room T, so doesn’t clog arteries.
O
Example: olive oil)
Hydrophyllic end
Phospholipids
Form membranes
OH
C
O
Glycerol
Hydrophobic
end
Cell membrane
OUTSIDE THE CELL IS HYDROPHYLLIC
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
INSIDE THE MEMBRANE
IS HYDROPHOBIC
INSIDE THE CELL IS HYDROPHYLLIC
Triglycerides are another important lipid group.
Tri means 3
Glyceride refers to Glycerol
Glycerol
One more type of LIPID.
Steroids—
made of 3 6-member
rings and one 5 member
ring.
Carbohydrates
(polysaccharides)
Building Block
Monosaccharides
(sugars)
Lipids
Glycerol and
Fatty Acids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Amino Acids
Nucleotides--held
together by
HYDROGEN bonds.
P
Structure
N
Important elements
C:H:O
1:02:01
Uses
energy
energy
(Structure and support membranes
Cell recognition)
steroids
Examples
word endings
monosaccharides
glucose, fructose
(Disaccharides:)
sucrose
polysaccharides
starch
glycogen
cellulose
ends in -ose
Just C and H
lipids
triglycerides
fats
waxes
phospholipids
steroids
C ------ N
C
NH2 side and COOH side
Peptide bonds
N
Phosphate groups
ribose or deoxyribose
sugar
Nitrogenous base
structures, enzymes
heredity
(movement, communication,
transportation)
(lactase
dehydrogenase
hemoglobin)
DNA, RNA
ATP is also a
nucleotide, but is
NOT a nucleic acid.
ATP transfers energy
ends in -ase
Amino Acids (there are 20 common AA’s)
R
H
N
C
C
H
H
O
NH 2
COOH
(Carboxyl group)
(amino group)
Examples of R groups: H or CH
OH
3
A chain of AA’s forms a polypeptide…
And ultimately, a PROTEIN.
Enzymes are proteins that Catalyze reactions.
Protein Substrate
Enzyme A
The Substrate is modified but the Enzyme is unchanged.
Enzymes are proteins that Catalyze reactions.
Protein Substrate
Enzyme A
The Substrate is modified but the Enzyme is unchanged.
Energy
Activation Energy
With enzyme
Time
PO4
Base
Sugar
A nucleotide
Sugar= Deoxyribose (DNA)
or Ribose (RNA
DNA is a string of nucleotides that are hydrogen bonded to each other.
PO4
Base
PO4
Base
Sugar
Sugar
PO4
Base
PO4
Base
Sugar
Sugar
The strands form a Double Helix.
Carbohydrates
(polysaccharides)
Building Block
Monosaccharides
(sugars)
Lipids
Glycerol and
Fatty Acids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Amino Acids
Nucleotides--held
together by
HYDROGEN bonds.
P
Structure
N
Important elements
C:H:O
1:02:01
Uses
energy
energy
(Structure and support membranes
Cell recognition)
steroids
structures, enzymes
monosaccharides
glucose, fructose
(Disaccharides:)
sucrose
polysaccharides
starch
glycogen
cellulose
ends in -ose
(lactase
dehydrogenase
hemoglobin)
Examples
word endings
Just C and H
C ------ N
lipids
triglycerides
fats
waxes
phospholipids
steroids
C
NH2 side and COOH side
Peptide bonds
N
Phosphate groups
ribose or deoxyribose
sugar
Nitrogenous base
heredity
(movement, communication,
transportation)
DNA, RNA
ATP is also a
nucleotide, but is
NOT a nucleic acid.
ATP transfers energy
ends in -ase