Transcript Document

Biolmolecules
&
Nutrition
H
Li
He
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
Kr
K
Ca Sc
Rb Sr
Ti
Y
V
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir
Fr
Pt Au Hg Ti
Pb
Bi
I
Po At Rn
Ra Ac Rf Ha Ha
C
H
Carbon
N
O
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
P
S
Phosphorus
Oxygen
Xe
Sulfur
ORGANIC compounds contain a
carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6, CH4)
INORGANIC compounds do not contain a
carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO2, H2O)
CO2
lipid
protein
nucleic acid
water
most important
inorganic compound in
living things
most cellular processes
take place in water
solutions
carbohydrate
excellent solvent
(substances dissolve in
water)
• Nutrition = obtaining and processing
materials needed for your daily activities
• Nutrients are chemical substances in food
that provide energy, build cells & tissues
What are they made out of?
Biomolecules
1. Carbohydrates (sugars)
2. Proteins
3. Lipids (fats)
Other molecules needed by all living organisms:
 Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates (ose)
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•
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•
Compound: C6H12O6 (made from simple sugars
like glucose)
Foods: fruits & veggies, grains, sweets
Use: energy
Organelles: mitochondria, vacuoles
Carbohydrates
are organic compounds containing carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1
(carbon:hydrogen:oxygen)
are made by plants (autotrophs)
are the body’s primary source of energy
are made of monomers (building blocks)
called monosaccharides
come in two basic forms:
monomers and polymers
Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily
identified by their sweet taste.
Glucose is a
monosaccharide.
C6 H12 O6
Other monosaccharides:
fructose (fruit sugar)
galactose (milk sugar).
Note the ring shape of
the molecule.
CH2OH
H
C
H
C
OH
OH
C
H
O
H
H
C
C OH
OH
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates
made of long chains of monosaccharides.
glycogen--storage form of glucose in animals. stored in the liver.
starch--storage form of glucose in plants
cellulose--makes up the cell wall of plants, gives plant cells their
rigidity
chitin--make up exoskeletons of insects, crabs, lobsters, etc.
CH2OH
H
C
H
C
OH
OH
C
H
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
H
C
OH
H
C
H
C
O
C
H
O
OH
C
H
H
OH
C
H
C
H
C
O
C
H
OH
C
H
O
H
H C
OH
C
OH
Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a sugar
with only two monosaccharides. (disaccharide)
What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates?
monosaccharide (simple sugars)
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
energy storage (short-term), structure or
support
Name examples of carbohydrates.
glucose, starch, cellulose
Lipids
•
•
•
•
Compound: CHO (a.k.a. fat)
Foods: butter, oils, margarine, lard, fried food
Use: store energy, build cell membrane,
chemical messengers
Organelles: cell membrane, golgi bodies,
vacuoles
chemically diverse
organic compounds
contain C, H, O
function in hormones
and cell membrane and
for energy storage
water insoluble
glycerol
classified as
saturated or
unsaturated
also steroids (serve
as chemical
messengers)
examples: fats, oils, waxes
made up of
glycerol
H
H C O
and
fatty acids
Note the
molecular
structure’s
“E” shape
O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H
H H H H H H
O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
C O
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H
H H H H H H
O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
H C O
H
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H
H H H H H H
What are the molecules that make up lipids?
glycerol and fatty acids
What are the functions of lipids?
energy storage (long-term), make up
the cell membrane and hormones
Name examples of lipids.
body fat, oils, waxes
Proteins
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•
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Compound: CHNO (made from amino acids)
Foods: meat, beans and nuts
Use: growth, cell reproduction, tissue repair,
chemical reactions
Organelles: ribosomes, chromosomes
complex organic
compounds made up of
amino acids, needed
for the body to
function properly
Enzymes are
proteins which
function to control
the rate of
chemical reactions.
3D protein structure
image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program,
http://www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/graphics/slides/images/ras.gif
contain C, O, H, N and
usually S or P
examples: muscles,
hair, cartilage, nails
are made up of
an amino group
a carboxyl group
and an “R” group which
varies in the different
amino acids
H
H
N
H
O
N
H
H C H
N
H
O
C C
OH
R
H
H
C C
OH
H
H
O
C C
H C H
H
OH
Alanine
Serine
OH
What is the monomer (subunit) for protein?
amino acids
What are the functions of protein?
structure or support; enzymes speed up
chemical reactions
Name examples of proteins.
muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
Nucleic Acids
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•
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Compound: DNA & RNA (made from sugar,
phosphates and nitrogen bases)
Foods: (All organisms contain DNA)
Use: stores genetic information
Organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast
nucleotide
nitrogen
base
sugar
very large linear molecules
contain C, H, N, O, P
store genetic information,
help to make proteins
phosphate
sugar
nitrogen
base
phosphate
made up of nucleotides
containing a sugar,
phosphate and a N-base
examples: DNA and RNA
DNA molecule
What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic
acids?
nucleotides
What are the compounds in a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
store genetic information, help to make
proteins
Name examples of nucleic acid.
DNA, RNA
Calorie = unit of energy
Which nutrients have calories?
 Proteins: 1 gram = 4 cal
 Carbs: 1 gram = 4 cal
 Lipids: 1 gram = 9 cal
Which is best?
 What does your body do with
calories that you do not use?
How do I know what nutrients
are in my food?
1. What is the serving size?
2. This has almost 1/2 your
daily needs of what
nutrient?
3. Does this contain
significant amounts of
vitamins?
4. Is this a “healthy” option?
Reagents
• Carbohydrate tests
– Iodine (Lugol’s reagent)
• Tests for the presence of starch
• Turns a purple black color when starch is present
– Benedict’s reagent
• Tests for the presence of sugar (monosaccharide)
• Turns orange/red/yellow when a sugar is present
Reagents
• Protein test
– Biuret’s reagent
• Tests for the presence of a protein
• Turns a purple (light)/ violet color
• Lipid test
– Sudan III
• Turns red in the presence of a lipid
– Spot test
• Turns translucent
Reagents
• DNA tests
– Methlyene blue
• Clear solution that turns blue in the presence DNA
Food Test Lab
• With a lab partner, test 5 foods and water to
see whether they contain carbs, proteins or
lipids
• Send one person from each group to get a
small sample of each food in your test cups
• Add a small amount of the indicators and
record your observations (turn in one table
per partnership)