Transcript The Renaissance - HISTORY APPRECIATION

The Renaissance
The Rise of the West
1450-1750
"both sides of human consciousness - the side turned to the
world and that turned inward - lay, as it were, beneath a
common veil, dreaming or half awake. The veil was woven of
faith, childlike prejudices, and illusion; seen through it, world
and history appeared in strange hues; man recognized
himself only as a member of a race, a nation, a party, a
corporation, a family, or in some other general category. It
was in Italy that this veil first melted into thin air, and
awakened an objective perception and treatment of the state
and all things of this world in general; but by its side, and
with full power, there also arose the subjective; man becomes
a self-aware individual and recognizes himself as such.“
Jacob Burckhardt
Jacob Burckhardt
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Father of Cultural History
He wrote "And all things are sources - not only books,
but the whole of life and every kind of spiritual
manifestation."
The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy
In his work, he traced the cultural patterns of transition from the medieval period
to the awakening of the modern spirit and creativity of the Renaissance. He saw
the transition as one from a society in which people were primarily members of
a class or community to a society that idealized the self-conscious individual.
The term Renaissance suggesting a re-birth of individualistic accomplishment
after a long intermission since the Classical Age.
Burckhardt's Criticism
Peter Burke, Renaissance is still more medieval than
modern. The Renaissance is not a singular event. The
move to the modern world was a series of
‘Renaissances’
Wallace Ferguson, Burckhardt is too narrow in his focus
(time and place) - 1300-1600 is a transitional period from
Medieval to Modern throughout Europe
Humanism
Literary Movement
(search for guidance)
Petrarch: The Father of
Humanism
Artistic Revival
Civic Humanism
mimics Classical Age
(active participation,
Republican
Government)
Social Behaviors
new humanist values
and education
Neo-Platonists
Christianity and
Humanism seek the
same perfection
Giotto
Masaccio
&
Donatello
Michelangelo
&
Raphael
Leonardo Da Vinci
The Renaissance Man
Titian (Venetian Influence)
Bruegel, The Harvesters
Holbein
The Ambassadors
Germany -Northern Renaissance:
15th technology & science
All Renaissance Men…
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Johann Gutenberg
Regiomontanus
Nicholas of Cusa
Behaim
Schoner
Copernicus
• Printing Press
• Astronomy &
Trigonometry
• Philosophy, math &
science
• Explorer & cartographer
• Cartographer
• Heliocentric Model
Characteristics of Renaissance Art
• Influences: Humanism, Classical Ideal vs. Real,
Everyday life of the North, Portraiture
• Techniques: Depth, Foreshortening
(Perspective), Chiaroscuro (shading light/dark)
• Genre: Painting, Sculpture, Fresco
• Patrons: Bankers (Medici of Florence, Fugger of
Germany) the Church, and the Monarchs
A window into the greater changes
taking place throughout Europe…
Social Behaviors: Status & Wealth
The Courtier
Castiglione
Intellect, diplomacy &
manners were valued
over brute physical force
As concept of wealth
changed, Humanist
education and other
social conventions
were the outward
sign of status
Joan Kelly-Gadol
Did Women have a
Renaissance?
Civic Humanism
Pico Mirandola, On the
Dignity of Man
Machiavelli's, The Prince
But when cities or countries are accustomed to live
under a prince, and his family is exterminated, they,
being on the one hand accustomed to obey and on the
other hand not having the old prince, cannot agree in
making one from amongst themselves, and they do not
know how to govern themselves. For this reason they
are very slow to take up arms, and a prince can gain
them to himself and secure them much more easily. But
in republics there is more vitality, greater hatred, and
more desire for vengeance, which will never permit
them to allow the memory of their former liberty to rest;
so that the safest way is to destroy them or to reside
there.
Machiavellian Approach…
The ends justifies
the means
Here a question arises: whether it is better to
be loved than feared, or the reverse. The
answer is, of course, that it would be best to
be both loved and feared. But since the two
rarely come together, anyone compelled to
choose will find greater security in being
feared than in being loved. . . . Love endures by
a bond which men, being scoundrels, may
break whenever it serves their advantage to do
so; but fear is supported by the dread of pain,
which is ever present.
Christian Humanism
Northern
Based
vs. Pagan
Humanists of Italy
Erasmus: In Praise of Folly
Thomas More: Utopia
Monks that Call Themselves
Religious …
And next these come those
that commonly call themselves
the religious and monks, most
false in both titles, when both
a great part of them are
farthest from religion,…
...but, if they are mistaken, and
if there is either a better
government, or a religion more
acceptable to God, they
implore His goodness to let
them know it.
The Protestant Reformation
The English Reformation
The Catholic Response
1517 - 1648
Challenge to the Catholic religious
authority- in doctrine and hierarchy
Religion as a justification for or against
political power
Protest & Reform
Martin Luther
Of the Holy Roman Empire
95 Theses in response to
Tetzl’s sale of indulgences
Diet of Worms
Augsburg Confession
Justification by faith
Priesthood of all believers
No transubstantiation
Peace of Augsburg, 1555
Autonomy (religious/political)
for German princes
John Calvin
Geneva (Swiss Canton)
Inspired by Luther
Predestination
Society should be dictated
by religious ideology…
Rebels or conservatives?
Huguenots in France
targeted
Presbyterian Church
Henry VIII seeks
an annulment
from Catherine
of Spain
Act of
Supremacy,
1534
Anglican
Church
or
Episcopal
Church
Via Media
German Princes
vs
Holy Roman
Emperor & Pope
Political Debate
German Autonomy
French Monarch/Gallican Church
English Policy
Calvinist
Enthusiasts
vs
Catholic French
Monarch
English King
vs
Papal Authority
Counter or Catholic
Reformation
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Reforms
Jesuits
Baroque Art & Music
Inquisition
While Western
Europe remains
predominantly
Christian, BY 1648
religion as a separate
issue gives way to
politics and the
Balance of Power
throughout Europe