Transcript Carbon Chemistry

Bellwork 3/6/09
• What is a covalent bond?
• What is an ionic bond?
• Give an example of each.
Carbon
Chemistry
9.1 Carbon Compounds
• Organic compounds – are compounds
that contain carbon and hydrogen,
often combined with a few other
elements such as oxygen and nitrogen.
• 90% of all known compounds
Forms of Carbon
• Diamond – Hardest substance on
Earth!
– Is a network solid, all the atoms are linked
by covalent bonds. It is a single molecule.
– Covalent bonds connect each carbon to
four other carbon atoms.
• Graphite – Extremely soft and slippery.
– Widely spaced layers
– In each layer, each carbon atom forms strong
covalent bonds with three other carbon
atoms.
– Between each layer bonds are weak.
– Pencil Lead
• Fullerenes – Large hollow spheres.
– Found in meteorites.
– Alternating hexagons and pentagons.
– 60 carbon atoms
Saturated Hydorcarbons
• Hydrocarbon – an organic compound that
contains only hydrogen and carbon.
• Saturated hydrocarbon – all of the bonds
are single bonds.
– Maximum number
of hydrogens for
each carbon.
– Other name is Alkane.
• Straight Chain
– Molecular formulas show the type and
number of atoms in a molecule.
• Branched Chains
– Compounds with the same molecular formula
but different structural formulas are isomers.
• Rings
– Called ring alkanes or cyclo -.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
• a hydrocarbon that contains one or more
double or triple bonds.
• There are three types of unsaturated
hydrocarbons – alkenes, alkynes, and
aromatic hydrocarbons
Bellwork – 3/9/09
254 – 71
92 + 54
452 + 211
Mr. Thomas,
Bellwork -
What are the three forms of
Carbon?
Describe each form.
9.2 Substituted Hydrocarbons
• A hydrocarbon in which one or more
hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an
atom or group of atoms is a substituted
hydrocarbon.
• The substituted atom or group of atoms is
called a functional group because it
determines the properties or function of
the compound.
• Alcohol
– The functional group in an alcohol is a
hydroxyl group, -OH.
• Organic Acids
– The functional group in organic acids is a
carboxyl group, -COOH
– Organic acids have sharp tastes and strong
odors. (Vinegar)
• Organic Base
– Amines are organic bases.
– The functional group in an amine is an amino
group, -NH2.
– Amines play a vital role in life.
• Esters
– The functional group of an ester is an
inorganic or organic acid.
– Account for flavors of many foods and
pleasant aroma of many flowers.
Butyl butyrate
pineapple
Methyl phenylacetate
honey
Ethyl
nail polish remover, model paint,
acetate
model airplane glue
Ethyl lactate
butter, cream
Bellwork
209 x 4
150 x 7
56 x 5
An unknown compound
has no noticeable odor.
Explain why the
compound is unlikely
to be an organic acid,
an organic base, or an
ester.
9.3 Organic Compounds in the
Human Body
• Four types of compounds produced in
plant and animal cells:
– Starches
– Cellulose
– Nucleic Acids
– Proteins
Starches
•
•
•
•
AKA – Sugars
Simple sugar formula – C6H12O6
Exist as straight chains or rings
Carbohydrates are made up of simple
sugars, more complex sugars, and
polymers.
Proteins
• Organic Acids (-COOH)/Organic Bases
(-NH2)
• An amino acid is a compound that
contains both a carboxyl and amino
functional groups in the same
molecule.
• There are 20 amino acids
that your body needs to
function.
• Your cells can manufacture some, but
not all, of the amino acids.
• Your cells use amino acids, to form
polymers called Proteins.
• A protein is a polymer in which at least
100 amino acids are linked through
bonds between an amino group and a
carboxyl group.
• The instructions for building proteins
are stored in your DNA.
Nucleic Acids
• Store information about cell structure
and function.
• Nucleic acids are large nitrogen
containing polymers found mainly in
the nuclei of cells.
• Two types:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
• Nucleic Acids are made up of
monomers called nucleotides.