Transcript Organic Compounds - Mrs. Matisoff's Biology Page

Biochemistry
• Study of chemicals and how they react
in living organisms
• Inorganic Compounds (in=not) organic
molecules do not contain carbon
• Water is the most abundant and important
inorganic material, making up 60% - 80% of all
cells and 2/3 of body weight
• Most other substances in organisms are
dissolved in water (universal solvent)
Organic Compounds
• Contain the elements
carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen and
sometimes nitrogen
(CHON)
• Carbon is found in
things that are or
once were living.
• Carbon atoms share
electrons to form
covalent bonds.
Organic Compounds
• Organic compounds can be hundreds to
thousands of molecules in length
– The single molecules are called
monomers.(mono=one)
– Ex: amino acid, nucleotide, glucose
Organic Compounds
• The long molecules formed by connecting
monomers are called polymers.
(poly=many)
• Example: starch, protein, oils
Chemical Reactions
• Dehydration Synthesis: (building up)
– Creates one polymer from many monomers
– One molecule of water is formed every time two
monomers are connected
• Hydrolysis: (breaking down)
– Creates many monomers from one polymer
– One molecule of water is needed every time two
monomers are detached
Macromolecules
• 4 Types of Organic Compounds:
a.carbohydrates, lipids, proteins (found
in food)
b. nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
Carbohydrates-sugars
and starches
Contain atoms of
• carbon
• hydrogen
• oxygen
The ratio of the atoms is
1C:2H:1O
Function of Carbohydrates:
Energy (to fuel cell processes)
• Immediate Use
– Monomers (simple sugars)found in plants like sugar cane and
fruits
• Future Use (stored)
– Polymers (starches) found in grains and vegetables
Structures (parts of cells)
Polymers (starches) found in the cell walls of plants
Types of Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are classified according
to size.
• One sugar is a monosaccharide
(mono=1)
• Two sugars make a disaccharide
(di=2)
• Lots of sugar molecules linked
together form a polysaccharide
(poly=many)
Monosaccharide (monomers)
Milk Sugar
Fruit Sugar
Types of Carbs
Disaccharide
Maltose is two glucose molecules; forms in digestive tract of
humans during starch digestion.
Other examples: sucrose, lactose
Types of Carbs
Polysaccharide (polymer)
Starch is straight chain of glucose molecules with few side
branches.
Ex. glycogen (animal starch), cellulose
Types of Carbs
Lipids
Three types
• Fats
• Oils
• Waxes
Form chains or rings
Typically contain two
monomers – glycerol
and fatty acids
Contain
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
(not 1:2:1)
• The H:O is higher
than in carbohydrates
Monomers in Lipids
Lipids
Functions of Lipids
• Energy Storage for later
use by the body.
• Padding and Protection
(especially around body
organs)
Proteins
Contain
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
Made up of
chains of
amino acids
Formation of Proteins
Function of Proteins
•
•
Structural components of cells
Help carry out chemical reactions
(enzymes)
• Pump small molecules in/out of cells
• Help cells to move
Polymerization of Proteins
• peptide bond: covalent bond that joins
amino acids
• another example of dehydration synthesis
• dipeptide: two amino acids joined together
• tripeptide: three amino acids joined
together
• polypeptide: long chain of amino acids
• amino acidspolypeptideprotein