Transcript Why Georgia Needs Gooder – Health Effects of O3 and PM2.5

Why Georgia Needs Gooder:
Health Effects of O3 and PM2.5
Stefanie E. Sarnat, Sc.D.
Emory University
Georgia Air Quality and Climate Summit
Atlanta, GA, May 7th, 2008
Background
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U.S. EPA recently revised NAAQS standards
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O3 standard:
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Revised March 12, 2008
0.08 ppm 8-hour standard lowered to 0.075 ppm
http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/pdfs/2008_03_factsheet.pdf
PM2.5 standard:
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Including “primary” standards – designed to protect human health
Revised September 21, 2006
65 µg/m3 24-hour standard lowered to 35 µg/m3
15 µg/m3 annual standard retained
http://www.epa.gov/particles/pdfs/20060921_factsheet.pdf
Revisions were made to short-term standards
Should protect against acute O3- and PM2.5-related health effects
Respiratory System Morphology
Naso-oro
Tracheal
Bronchial,
Bronchiolar
Alveolar
Mechanisms of Ozone Toxicity
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Common denominator of all ozone-related health effects:
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Inflammatory response mechanism
Ozone inhaled…
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Not likely to penetrate deeper than epithelial lining fluid
May react with cellular components
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E.g., polyunsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, and low-molecularweight compounds (glutathione, urate, vitamins C and E)
Linked to release of pro-inflammatory mediators
Thickening of air-blood barrier
Impeded oxygen diffusion to blood
U.S. EPA, O3 Air Quality Criteria Document, 2006
Example of Lung Tissue Damage
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Upper slide = exposure to
filtered air
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Cilia clear lungs of mucus
Cilia appear in neat and
regular rows
Lower slide = exposure to
200 ppb of O3 for four
hours while exercising
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Missing, misshapen cilia
Neutrophil release (arrows)
indicates inflammation
Aris et al. American Review of Respiratory Diseases, 1993
Mechanisms of PM Toxicity
Pope and Dockery. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 2006
Health Impacts of O3 and PM2.5
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Premature death in people with
heart and lung disease
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Increased hospital visits for
respiratory diseases (and for CVD
for PM2.5)
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Reduced lung function
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Increased symptoms (coughing,
wheezing)
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Aggravation of chronic lung
diseases
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Increased susceptibility to
respiratory infection (O3)
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Heart rate variability, arrhythmias
(PM2.5)
Severity
Proportion of Population Affected
U.S. EPA, http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/pdfs/2008_03_factsheet.pdf, 2008
Study of Particles & Health in Atlanta
SOPHIA - Ambient O3 & ED Visits
F OR DA T A S E T
T WO,
0 5 DE C0 5
140
130
120
110
100
90
Exposure:
Daily 8-hr max O3
80
8-hr standard
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
01/ 01/ 98
0 1 / 0 1 / 9 9 F OR 0DA
1 /T 0A1S/E0T0 T WO, 0 0
15
/ DE
0 1 C0
/ 05
1
01/ 01/ 02
01/ 01/ 03
01/ 01/ 02
01/ 01/ 03
DA T E
1200
1100
1000
900
800
Outcome:
Daily respiratory ED visits
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
01/ 01/ 98
01/ 01/ 99
01/ 01/ 00
01/ 01/ 01
DA T E
SOPHIA - Ambient O3 & ED Visits
1.10
1.08
Risk Ratio (per IQR)
1.06
1.04
1.02
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.90
Asthma
COPD
Upper
Pneumonia
Respiratory
Infection
All Resp Dysrhythmia Ischemic
Heart
Disease
Myocardial
Infarction
All Circ
Unpublished SOPHIA results using 1993-2004 data
SOPHIA - Multi-Pollutant Modeling
1.08
1.06
1.02
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.94
Single-pollutant
Two-pollutant
O3
PM10
NO2
O3
PM10
O3
NO2
O3
CO
O3
PM10
NO2
0.92
CO
Risk Ratio (per IQR)
1.04
Three-pollutant
Modified figure from Tolbert et al. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 2007
Health Benefits of Reduced Standards*
Reduced cases of…
O3^
PM2.5
Premature death
~260 to 2,300
1,200 to 13,000 in people
with heart or lung disease
Chronic bronchitis
380
2,600
Nonfatal heart attacks
890
5,000
Hospital admissions &
emergency department visits
1,900
1,630 CV and resp HAs
Acute bronchitis
1,000
7,300
Upper and lower respiratory
symptoms
11,600
97,000
Aggravated asthma
6,100
51,000
Missed work or school days
243,000
350,000
Restricted activity days
750,000
2 million
*By
1,200 asthma ED visits
year 2020, according to EPA Regulatory Impact Analyses; summaries found at
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^Reflect
http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/pdfs/2008_03_factsheet.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/particles/fs20061006.html
both O3 and PM pollution reductions resulting from revised O3 standard