Transcript Chemistry and proteins

Chemistry and proteins
Vladyka Petr
Protein synthesis
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the template for protein
synthesis.
• It consists of a series of nucleotides, each containing one of
four nitrogenous bases, Uracil, Cytosine, Adenine, and
Guanine.
• The sequence of nucleotides in a strand of mRNA specifies
the sequence aminoacids in the proteins. Series of three
nucleotides specifies one amino acid.
• This chart identifies each amino acid by its three-letter
codon(s). For example, G under the "first letter" column, C
under the "second letter" column, and A under the "third
letter" column intersect at alanine, the amino acid specified
by the sequence GCA. Most amino acids are identified by
more than one codon (for instance, GCU, GCC, GCA, and
GCG all encode alanine).
Genetic Code
TRYPTOPHAN (Essential
Amino Acid)
• A natural relaxant,
helps alleviate insomnia
• anxiety & depression;
• migraine headaches;
• helps the immune
system;
• helps reduce the risk of
artery & heart spasms;
• works with Lysine in
reducing cholesterol
levels.
LYSINE (Essential Amino
Acid)
For Cold Sores!!!
•
•
•
•
•
absorption of calcium;
helps form collagen ( which makes up
bone cartilage & connective tissues);
aids in the production of antibodies,
hormones & enzymes.
Recent studies have shown that
Lysine may be effective against herpes
by improving the balance of nutrients
that reduce viral growth.
A deficiency may result in tiredness,
inability to concentrate, irritability,
bloodshot eyes, retarded growth, hair
loss ,anemia & reproductive problems
METHIONINE (Essential Amino
Acid)
• supplier of sulfur which
prevents disorders of
the hair, skin and nails;
• helps lower cholesterol
levels by increasing the
liver's production of
lecithin;
• reduces liver fat and
protects the kidneys;
• reduces bladder
irritation;
Primary Structure of a
Protein
•
The primary structure of a
protein is amino acid
sequence, formed when a
peptide bond joins the
carboxyl group (one Carbon
atom, two Oxygen atoms, and
a Hydrogen atom) of one
amino acid to the amino group
(N) of another. A long chain
forms from many amino acids,
with one molecule of water
given off with the formation of
each peptide "link."
Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structure of a Protein
Interactions between the molecules that make up a protein cause the
coiled polypeptide chain (left) to fold into a three-dimensional structure
(center) which may join others to form a large, complex protein (right).
Two of eight calves cloned from cells obtained
from one adult cow at Kinki University in Nara,
Japan. (1998.)
How are genes linked to disease?
• Many, if not most, diseases have their
roots in our genes.
• Genes - through the proteins they
encode - determine how efficiently we
process foods, how effectively we
detoxify poisons, and how we respond
to infections.
• More than 4,000 diseases are thought
to stem from mutated genes inherited
from one's mother and/or father.
• Common disorders such as heart
disease and most cancers arise from a
complex interplay among multiple
genes and between genes and factors in
the environment.
Correcting Genetic
Diseases
• Gene therapy may someday
be able to cure hereditary
diseases,
• such as hemophilia and
cystic fibrosis, which are
caused by missing or
defective genes.
• In one type of gene therapy,
genetically engineered
viruses are used to insert
new, functioning genes into
the cells of people who are
unable to produce certain
hormones or proteins
necessary for the body to
function normally.
Vocabulary
Alleviate-zmírnit
Insomnia-nespavost
Anxiety-neklid
Spasm-křeče
Tirdnes-únava
Irritability-podrážděnost
Coil-vinout
Calve-tele
Encode-zakódovaný
Inherited-zděděný
Disorders-poruchy
Efficiently-schopný
Foods-specializovaný
Nails-nehty
Bladder-měchýř
Chin-řetězec
Thank you for your attention
The end