Transcript The Renaissance, Reformation, and Exploration

The Renaissance
Primavera by Botticelli
The Renaissance Essential Questions
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What were the chief features of the
Renaissance?
How would you describe the political world
that existed in the Italian states and what role
did women play?
What were the chief characteristics of Italian
Renaissance humanism and how did it differ
from Northern Italian humanism?
What were the chief achievements of Italian
and Northern Renaissance painters?
The Italian Renaissance
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Renaissance means
“rebirth”
Began in Italy
Lasted from 13501550
The classics from
Greece and Rome
were revived
Spread throughout
Europe
Palazzo Della Signoria in Florence, Italy
Characteristics of the Italian
Renaissance
Urban society
 Secular-worldly
 Recovery from the
disasters of the 14th
century
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Siena, Italy
Piazza del Campo
Black Death
Political disorder
Economic recession
New view of human beings
and individual ability
The Italian States
During the Middle Ages, Italy had failed to
develop as a monarchy
 Lack of single ruler made it possible for a
number of city-states in northern and central
Italy to remain independent
 Prospered from trade
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Exchanged good with the Byzantine and Islamic
civilizations, England, and the Netherlands
Obtained silks, sugar, and spices to take back to Italy
The Italian States: Milan
14th century-Visconti
family established
themselves as dukes of
Milan and extend power
all over Lombardy
 Last Visconti dies in 1447
 Francesco Sforza
(condottiere-leader of a
band of mercenaries)
conquers Milan and
becomes duke
 Built a strong, centralized
state
 Efficient tax system
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Duomo in Milan, Italy
The Italian States: Venice
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San Marco in Venice, Italy
Grown wealthy from
trading
Small group of merchantaristocrats ran the
government on behalf of
their own interests
Trade empire brought
enormous revenues
Became an international
power
The Italian States: Florence
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Dominated the region of
Tuscany
In 1434, Cosimo de’
Medici took control of the
city
The Medici kept the
republic form of
government, but ran it
behind the scenes
Cosimo and Lorenzo put
supporters in offices to
carry out their policies
Florence was the cultural
center of Italy
Duomo in Florence, Italy
The Italian States
Rest of monarchial Europe was attracted
to the riches of Italy
 Italians turn to Spain for help
 Southern Italy (the Kingdom of Naples)
became a battleground for French and
Spanish dominance
 Spanish sack Rome in 1527 because they
are not being paid
 Ends wars and Renaissance in Italy
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Machiavelli and the New Statecraft
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Wrote The Prince
Concerned with political power
and how to get it and keep it
Rejected the Middle Ages view
that rulers ought to behave on
Christian moral values
Must be based on an
understanding of human
nature
A ruler acts on behalf of the
state, therefore, he should let
his own conscience sleep
Had a profound influence on
political leaders in the Western
world
Machiavelli
The Making of Renaissance Society:
Nobility
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Around 3 % of the
population
Held political posts and
advised Kings
Castiglione describe the
perfect noble in his work
Isabella d’Este
The Book of the Courtier
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Born, not made
Work to be a warrior
Have a classical education
Standards of conduct
Serve his prince in an
effective and honest way
Pietro Medici
The Making of Renaissance Society:
Peasants and Townspeople
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About 90% of the
population
Serfdom declined and
more peasants were
becoming free
Townspeople were
divided also
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Patricians-wealthy traders,
industry, and bankingdominated communities
Burghers-shopkeepers,
artisans, guild membersmiddle class
Impoverished-unemployed,
pitiful wages, 30-40% pop.
Moneychanger and his Wife by Quentin Massys
The Making of Renaissance Society:
Family and Marriage
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The Marriage of the Virgin by Raphael
Parents carefully arranged
marriages to strengthen
business or family ties
Details were worked out when
children were 2 or 3 years old
Legally binding
Dowry-sum of the money
given by the wife’s family to
the husband upon marriage
Father was the center of family
Children became adults when
they were legally freed
Mother’s role was to supervise
the household
Italian Renaissance Humanism
Humanism was an intellectual movement
based upon the study of the classics
 Humanists studied the liberal artsgrammar, rhetoric, poetry, philosophy, and
history
 Petrarch is considered the father of
humanism-used pure classical Latin
 Reflected the values of urban society
 Put to the service of the state
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Education in the Renaissance
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Humanists wrote books and
opened schools based on
their ideas
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History
Philosophy
Rhetoric
Poetry
Astronomy
Music
Mathematics
Some women did attend
humanists schools, but were
not taught rhetoric and
mathematics
Johannes
Gutenberg
Gutenberg’s Printing Press
Vernacular Language
Vernacular-language spoken
in their own regions
 Geoffrey Chaucer’s
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Canterbury Tales
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Dante’s Divine Comedy
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English
Italian
Began to compete with Latin
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Eventually replaced it
The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
Branccaci Tributo fresco by Masaccio
Self Portrait by Leonardo da Vinci
Dome of the duomo in Florence by Brunelleschi
The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
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Fresco-painting done on
fresh, wet plaster with
water based paints
Figures had the illusion of
being three dimensional
Two major achievements
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Perspective
Moverment and human
anatomy
Architects were inspired
by the buildings of
ancient Rome (San
Lorenzo)
School of Athens by Raphael
Interior of
San Lorenzo by
Brunelleschi
The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
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Mastery of techniques
for a realistic
portrayal of the world
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Da Vinci dissected
human bodies to study
anatomy
Move from painting
realistic forms to ideal
forms
Glorified the human
body
Pieta
By
Michelangelo
Rome, Italy
Ospedale degli Innocenti
Designed by Brunelleschi
Florence, Italy
The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
The Last
Judgement
By
Michelangelo
Sistine Chapel
Rome, Italy
The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
The Sistine Chapel Ceiling by Micelangelo
The Northern Artistic Renaissance
Skilled in painting
details
 Did not fully
understand
perspective
 Jan Van Eyck from
Flanders
 Albrecht Durer from
Germany
Jan Van Eyck
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Albrecht Durer