Transcript Renaissance Reviewx - Lakeland Regional High School

Do Now
• With the person sitting next to you, take out
your review cards and spend five minutes
quizzing each other about the Renaissance.
Renaissance Review
Chapters to Study: Chapter 13
Sections 1 & 2
The primary reasons that the Renaissance began in Italy are:
1. Cultural remnants from ancient Greece and Rome
2. Emphasis on the individual
3. Impact of the Crusades
4. A central location between Europe and the Middle East
WHAT WERE THE FACTORS THAT
CAUSED THE RENAISSANCE TO BEGIN IN
ITALY?
Humanism/Secularism, Individualism, Classicism
THE RENAISSANCE WAS PRIMARILY
FOCUSED ON…?
WHAT WAS HUMANISM?
Humanism was an intellectual movement that emphasized the role of the individual and
individual achievement and was the fundamental shift in thinking brought about by the
Italian Renaissance.
It is best characterized by: Reading classical writings of Greece and Rome, developing
skills of rhetoric (speaking / writing clearly), pursuing perfection through philosophy and
a life of solitude (this is a characteristic of early humanism according to Petrarch).
1. Black Plague caused a “clearing out” of society causing political disorder and economic
recession.
2. Political Disorder as the Feudal System and feudal relationships disintegrated during the
late Medieval Period.
3. Economic Recession paved the way for new trade routs (established by the Crusades) and
an influx of new products / business practices.
4. The Crusades brought new ideas into Europe and sparked a new curiosity about the
world.
WHAT WERE THE PRIMARY CAUSES
OF THE RENAISSANCE?
After the Spanish king Charles I failed to pay his troops they sacked the
city and caused an end to the Italian Renaissance. The Northern
Renaissance would continue for about another 100 years.
THE SACKING OF ROME WAS
SIGNIFICANT BECAUSE?
The Printing Press (invented by Johann Guttenberg in 1445) allowed for
the mass production of written materials (such as books and pamphlets)
and acted as one of the most significant influences on the spread of
Renaissance ideals to other parts of Europe allowing for the movement
to become spread throughout the continent.
WHICH INVENTION WAS RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE RAPID SPREAD OF
KNOWLEDGE AND IDEAS DURING THIS
ERA?
Renaissance curiosity about the natural world.
LEONARDO DAVINCI DISSECTING
HUMAN CADAVERS TO LEARN ABOUT
THE HUMAN BODY IS AN EXAMPLE
OF…?
1. Creating a library of classic Greek and Roman literature.
2. Writing poems about love
3. Being considered the “Father of Renaissance humanism”
FRANCISCO PETRARCH IS BEST
REMEMBERED FOR…?
The point in a painting your eye is drawn to. This helps give the painting
the illusion of depth, a new technique to art developed during this
period.
DEFINE VANISHING POINT
Niccolo Machiavelli in The Prince
“IT IS MUCH BETTER TO BE FEARED
THAN TO BE LOVED” WOULD MOST
LIKELY HAVE BEEN STATED BY_____ IN
THE BOOK _____.
The status of artists significantly increased as their work became symbols
of status for upper class individuals seeking to earn a reputation as
patrons of the arts.
WHAT HAPPENED TO THE STATUS OF
ARTISTS DURING THE RENAISSANCE
PERIOD?
1. Pieter Bruegel
2. He is known as Peasant Bruegel because of his focus on ordinary
people and surroundings.
WHO WAS CONSIDERED THE
“PEASANT ARTIST” AND WHY?
The Book of the Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione was a self help manual
for nobles that defined how to be the perfect courtier.
WHAT WAS THE PRINCIPLE IDEA
BEHIND THE BOOK OF THE COURTIER?
Known as the “German Leonardo” Durer was a skilled painter, sculpture,
engraver, and writer. He even produced a book on using mathematical
formulas in artwork.
WHAT IS ALBRECT DURER MOST
FAMOUS FOR?
1. The School of Athens was painted by Raphael Santi
2. It demonstrated humanism because it focuses on important figures of
classical philosophy.
WHO PAINTED THE SCHOOL OF ATHENS
AND HOW DOES IT DEMONSTRATE
HUMANISM?
William Shakespeare
PLAYWRIGHT WHO DEMONSTRATED
HUMANISM IN HIS WORK BY WRITING
ABOUT HUMAN EMOTION AND THE
HUMAN CONDITION
A relaxed positioning of the body. This helps give movement into figures
adding to their realistic portrayal.
DEFINE CONTRAPPOSTO
Each used vernacular in their writing and thus increasing the common
person’s access to Renaissance ideas.
DANTE, CHAUCER, AND RABALIS
WERE ALL IMPORTANT BECAUSE…?
While in Italy humanism focused on portraying the ideal individual, in
Northern Europe humanists focused on applying concepts of humanism
to stress social change based on Christian principles
WHAT ARE SOME DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN NORTHERN AND ITALIAN
HUMANISM?
There were several factors:
1. Italy lacked a single ruler and as a result the city states
remained independent to develop on their own.
2. These city states were at the center of trade routes and
prospered from the Crusades by setting up new trading ports.
3. Northern city states began trading high quality cloth
which brought more commerce into the region.
4. Strong leaders and economic policies allowed
governments to thrive.
WHAT WERE THE FACTORS THAT LED TO
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WEALTHY
MERCHANT CLASS IN THE ITALIAN CITY
STATES?
HOW DID NEW ARTISTIC TECHNIQUES
(CONTRAPPOSTO, CHIAROSCURO,
FRESCOES, LINEAR PERSPECTIVE,
SFUMATO) AFFECT A CHANGE IN ART
FROM THE EARLIER MEDIEVAL PERIOD?
Medieval
• Two Dimensional
• Distorted proportions
• Lacking perspective
• Religious
• Hieratic Scale
•Uses symbolism to represent religion
Renaissance
• Three Dimensional
• Realistic
• Glorifies Individual
• Uses mathematics to create scale /
perspective
• Humanism
•Represents visible world
1. Nobility: Landowners; Incomes declined but they still managed to dominate society by holding important
political positions
2. Clergy: Church members; Had grown corrupt during Middle Ages and people began to challenge its authority
3. Third Estate: Peasants; Social distinction within the Third Estate grew new social classes including – Patricians
(wealthy merchants who dominated communities due to success in trade and business), Townspeople
(merchants / artists of the middle class), Petty Burghers (shopkeepers, artisans, guild masters/members who
provided goods/services), and Workers / Unemployed (urban poor)
DESCRIBE THE THREE ESTATES OF
SOCIETY DURING THE MIDDLE AGES
AND HOW THEY CHANGED DURING THE
RENAISSANCE
Utopia was written by Thomas More in order to criticize society and
emphasize the idea that social order is an unobtainable ideal.
WHO WROTE UTOPIA
Common language
DEFINE VERNACULAR
Vernacular allowed the ideas of the renaissance to spread throughout
Europe by giving individuals increased access to writings in their own
language and increasing literacy rates among the population. Works like
those of Dante (Devine Comedy), Chaucer (Canterbury Tales), and
Rabelais (Pantagruel and Gargantua) significantly aided in the spread /
use of vernacular writing.
WHY WAS THE USE OF
VERNACULAR SIGNIFICANT?
Miguel de Cervantes
WHO WROTE DON QUIXOTE
Chiaroscuro: Use of Light and Shadow
Sfumato: Blending of color
Both help to add realism into a painting.
DEFINE CHIAROSCURO AND
SFUMATO
The Prince, written in 1513, was written by Niccolo Machiavelli as a
manual for rulers to gain and maintain power and served as a secular
handbook on modern statecraft. Machiavelli’s central premise (it is better
to be feared than loved as a ruler) has served as a basic principle for
rulers through today.
WHO WROTE THE PRINCE?
Renaissance humanism emphasized the goodness of the present and the
power of man and human accomplishment, whereas the Middle Ages
stressed religion and living your life in a way that would please God.
HOW DID RENAISSANCE HUMANISM
CONTRADICT WITH THE MIDDLE AGES?
A condotierri, such as Francisco Sforza of Florence, was a leader of a
band of mercenaries or hired soldiers. Sforza used his hired army to
consolidate power and become the duke of the city.
WHAT DOES THE TERM
“CONDOTIERRI” REFER TO?
While women played an important role in bringing the ideas of the
renaissance into the household and society, they were still expected to
be subservient to men, thus limiting their active participation in the
movement.
THE RENAISSANCE MAN’S VIEW OF
RENAISSANCE WOMEN WAS?
A renaissance man is someone who is increasingly secular and focuses on
glorifying human accomplishment. This individual is learned in a variety of
subjects, including the classics, grammar, rhetoric, and history. One example
of someone who is considered this type of person is Leonardo Da Vinci
because he was talented in several areas including painting, science, and
technology / inventions.
WHAT DEFINES A RENAISSANCE
MAN?
As a Christian humanist, Erasmus advocated for reform within the
Catholic Church and sought to make religion more accessible to the
everyday individual. One way in which Erasmus worked to achieve this
goal was through his writing of A Praise of Folly and translation of the
New Testament of the Bible into Greek vernacular.
WHAT IS ERASMUS MOST KNOWN
FOR?
The Medici family dominated the city of Florence through the
establishment of a strong banking and trading network.
THE MEDICI FAMILY / FLORENCE
GAINED MOST OF IT’S WEALTH FROM?
Not in vernacular… hence only the rich could read it.. i.e. rulers and
priests.
WHY IS THE USE OF LATIN IN THE
MIDDLE AGES FOR THE PUBLICATION
OF BOOKS SUCH AS THE BIBLE
EXCLUSIONARY TO THE THIRD ESTATE?
The David focuses on glorifying the human figure and showing the
natural beauty of man. Additionally, David, while a biblical figure, is
portrayed as a realistic person.
HOW DOES MICHELANGELO’S
DAVID DISPLAY HUMANISM?
Someone who supported/financed the arts was called a Patron. During
this time, the Catholic Church acted as the largest patron, commissioning
master artists like Michelangelo or Da Vinci to create work that glorified
religious themes and images. Further, patrons stimulated the spread of
humanism as artists from around Europe traveled to Italy to learn new
artistic techniques and then returned to teach others in different parts of
Europe.
WHO ACTED AS THE PRINCIPLE
SUPPORTER TO THE ARTS DURING THE
RENAISSANCE AND WHAT IS THIS
CALLED?