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Renaissance & Discovery
Chapter 10
AP EURO
Ms. Callejas-Centeno
Free Response Essay #1
Analyze the influence of humanism on the
visual arts in the Italian Renaissance. Use
at least 3 specific works to support your
analysis (2004)
THE RENAISSANCE IN ITALY
At the end of this Section I will be able
to…
1. Discuss the most generally accepted definition of the
term Renaissance.
2. Discuss the reasons why Florence, Italy was the
birthplace of the Renaissance.
3. Demonstrate an understanding of Humanism, and
explain the features of the concept.
4. Analyze the excerpt of Nicolo Machiavelli’s The
Prince.
5. Exhibit an understanding of the ideal Renaissance man
and woman according to Baldasare Castiglione.
What is the Renaissance?
An age of Recovery
A transition from Medieval to Early
Modern
“Re-birth” of Art & Culture
Began in Italy, Spread throughout Europe
The Renaissance Began In…
Florence, Italy
1300-1600
Italian City - States
Independent
Principalities:
1. Milan
2. Papal States
3. Kingdom of Naples
4. Venice
5. Florence
6. Genoa
Urban Centers
By the 1300’s
Florence, Venice, and
Milan all had
populations of
100,000 people
Location! Location! Location!
Geography gave
Italian city states:
Cultural / Commercial
advantage
International trade
13th-14th Centuries:
Trade rich cities
became wealthy “city
states”
Why Florence, Italy?
1. Textile Industry
Florentine Luxury
cloth traded
throughout Europe &
Asia
Employed 30,000
workers
Why Florence, Italy?
2. Agriculture
In River valleys of
Tuscany & Lombardy
Production of grains,
wine, vegetables
Agricultural surplus
Why Florence, Italy?
3. Geographic
Location
Proximity to
Mediterranean trade
routes/International trade
Most prosperous &
Wealthy City State
5th largest city in Europe
by mid 1350’s
What is Humanism?
A personal attitude towards life & learning
Features of Humanism:
1. Obsession with Classical Antiquity
2. Individualism (celebration of the individual)
Virtu- the ability to make an impact in one’s
chosen field of Endeavour.
3. Secularism- people and objects in the world
are important
Features of Humanism
1. A Revival of
Classical Antiquity
Re-discovery of Greek
& Roman art, culture,
literature, philosophy
Features of Humanism
2. Individualism- A
Revived Emphasis On
Individual Ability
L’uomo Universale
“Universal Person”
Capable of achievements
in many areas of his life
“well rounded education”
“A celebration of the
individual”
Features of Humanism
3. Secularismthe secular world (not
associated with
religion) gained
importance
example: artists will
produce works of art
that are not religious
in nature.
The Italian Renaissance
Emphasized…
Humanism An
Intellectual Movement
1. based on the study of
the classical works of
ancient Greece & Rome
2. That advocated Studia
Humanitatis (Liberal
Studies)
3. & celebrated individual
achievements
Francesco Petrarch
(1304-1374)
“Father of
Humanism”
Scholar, poet,
credited with the rediscovery of classical
works.
Humanists Believed In…
A Well rounded
liberal arts education
Studia Humanitas –
grammar, rhetoric,
philosophy, history,
poetry
Secular occupations
Therefore, An Ideal “Renaissance
Man” Is..
1. Well educated (studia humanitas)
2. Has “Virtu “ (overachiever)
3. Self Confident Individual
4. Inspired by the “Classics”
5. Religious, but sees beauty in the secular
(non-religious)
Social Classes in Florence
1. Grandi – “old rich”
nobles & merchants
2. Popolo Grosso –
“fat people” newly
rich merchant class
(bankers, capitalists)
5% of population
Social Classes in Florence
3. Middle
Burgher/Mediocri –
shop owners,
professionals, guild
masters, artisans
4. Popolo minuto –
“little people” lower
economic classes
Social Inequality in Florence
1378 Ciompi Revolt
(“the wooden shoes”)
Peasants “Popolo
minuto “ rebelled
against the upper
classes
Lower classes ruled
Florence for 4 years
until…
Cosimo de’ Medici
Gained control of
Florence (1434)
Despot – ruled with
absolute power
Medici family also
known as the
“Merchant Princes”
Medici Family Background
Were merchants
Gained wealth
Through:
1. Manufacture &
commerce of textiles
2. Banking
3. Official Bankers of
Catholic Church
How did the de Medici
Family Gain Power?
Medici Family used
bribery, corruption,
intimidation to gain
power
Manipulated elections
How did the de Medici Maintain
Power?
Amici degli amici (friends
of friends) People
befriended de Medici’s
friends in order to gain
status/ belong to “in
crowd”
Enemies of the de’
Medici: used intimidation
tactic Brutta Figura
Public humiliation against
enemies
Cosimo de Medici, a Patron of
the Art
Cosimo de’ Medici
Sponsored artists to
produce great works
of art
To beautify city
For personal collection
Medici Library Fillipo Brunnelleschi (architect)
Cosimo’s Grandson
Lorenzo “the
Magnificent” (r. 14781492) continued
tradition
Paid artists to beautify
city
Medici “godfathers of
the Renaissance”
Maintaining Power & Social
Status in Renaissance Italy
Marriage an
alliance of
powerful, wealthy
families
Marriages
reinforced status &
power
See Document 2.1:
“Marriage Negotiations:
The Strozzi, 1464-65”
Duke & Duchess of Urbino, 1472
What does this painting tell us about marriage, wealth, and social
status?
Duke & Duchess of Urbino, 1472
Artist: Piero della
Francesca
Federico da Montefeltro &
his 2nd wife, Battista
Marriage: he was 35, she
13!!!
Had 7 daughters
She died at 26 at the birth
of 7th child.
ABOUT the Duke & Duchess of
Urbino, 1472
http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/pierodella-francesca-portraits-of-the-duke-andduchess-of-urbino.html
Baldassare Castiglioni
Wrote: The Book of
the Courtier (1528 )
A social “handbook”
Depicted social “do’s
& do not’s” for nobles
Castiglione’s Ideal “Renaissance
Man” Must…
1. Possess Impeccable
character, grace, & noble
birth
2. Cultivate achievements
–not hide
accomplishments, but be
modest.
3. Have a well rounded
Education- arts, music ,
science, politics,etc.
4. Participate in the
Military – Serve Prince w/
loyalty, honesty
Castiglione’s Ideal “Renaissance
Woman” Must…
1. Be attractive
2. Be well educated, able
to paint, dance, and play a
musical instrument
3. Not participate in
political, artistic, or
literary affairs
(discussions)
4. Be an “ornament” to
her upper class husband
Portrait of a Lady, 1475
Christine de Pisan (1364-1430)
Wrote: The Treasure of
the City of Ladies (1405)
a history of women
designed to refute men’s
myths about females
male scholars debated
women’s role in society
Christine de Pizan
“Not all men (and especially the wisest)
share the opinion that it is bad for women to
be educated. But it is very true that many
foolish men have claimed this because it
displeased them that women knew more
than they did.”
― Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City
of Ladies, 1405
Niccolo Machiavelli on
Maintaining Power
Wrote The Prince
(1513)
A manual on how to
be an effective ruler,
or a political satire?
Dedicated to Lorenzo
the Magnificent’s
grandson
Niccolo Machiavelli on
Maintaining Power -The Prince
Machiavelli’s
advice to those
in power:
“If you cannot
be both loved
and feared,
then it is better
to be feared
than loved. “
“Machiavellian”
A term that is used
to describe a
ruthless ruler.
CH10
RENAISSANCE ART
At the end of this Section I will be
able to…
1. Compare and contrast Medieval and
Renaissance art.
2. Identify two works of art by :
Leonardo da Vinci
Raphael
Michelangelo
and explain the ways humanism influenced
each piece.
Describe the Differences…
Medieval Art
Renaissance Art
Characteristics of Renaissance
Art
1. Realistic Figures, 3-D
2. Has Depth &
Perspective
3. Emotion & Expression
4. Geometrical /
mathematical concepts/
Pyramid configuration
5. Artists gained
recognition & fame
Renaissance Art = Social &
Political Status
1. Art communicated social, political &
spiritual values
Features of Humanism
2. Patrons of Art
Used art to display wealth, power
Funded artists as a way to promote own
fame
Renaissance Artists
1. Were inspired by Humanism
2. Tried to depict beauty, truth, nature and
goodness
3. Used mathematical principles
(proportions created by God) to depict
perfection
Giotto (1266-1337)
Father of Renaissance
painting
From Florence
Tried to imitate nature
(Realistic portrayal)
 Adoration of the Magi,
14th cent.
Masaccio (1401-1428)
Brancacci Chapel
painted Frescoes
1st masterpiece of
Renaissance art 
Masaccio (1401-1428)
Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510)
Primavera, 1482 
Obvious interest in
Greek & Roman
Mythology
http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=qwZn852
brII
Sandro Boticelli, Primavera 1482
Donatello (1386-1466)
Studied statues of
antiquity
 David, 1428
1st life size, bronze
nude in European art
since antiquity
Filippo Brunelleschi
architect
Designed il duomo
Dome Cathedral of
Florence built 14201436 
Inspired by: Roman
architecture
Leon Battista Alberti
Architect
Designed West façade of
Sant’ Andrea
Inspired by classical
temples
Piero della Francesca
1410-1492
 Duke & Duchess
of Urbino
Human individuality
in portraiture
Power, wealth, status
of Duke & Duchess
High Renaissance Art
Flourished between 1490-1530
Shift to Rome as important cultural center
3 Artistic Giants:
1.Leonardo Da Vinci
2.Raphael
3. Michelangelo
1. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
“Renaissance Man”
L’uomo Universale
Believed painting was
“the highest form of
science”
1. Artist/Sculptor
2. Scientist/Mathematician
3. Engineer/Architect
4. Inventor
5. Anatomist
Leonardo da Vinci, Inventor
1. Leonardo da Vinci, Artist
Mona Lisa, painted 1503-1506
About the Mona Lisa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kQ_p2
EZX4Q
Musee du Louvre, Paris
The Last Supper
Organization of space, use of perspective
Karaoke Review: Leonardo Da
Vinci
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mW_gp
7SDgQM
2. Raphael (1483-1520)
School of Athens (1510)
Imaginary gathering of
ancient philosophers
Plato & Aristotle at center
Painted his
contemporaries as
philosophical figures
Balance, harmony, order,
unity, symmetry
2. Raphael School of Athens
Raphael’s School of Athens
The School of Athens
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOrG6j
fBzEU
3. Michelangelo “Il Divino”
1475-1564
Influenced by the
depiction of:
Beauty of human
body, glory of human
beings
Beauty of figure=
divine beauty
La Pieta
David (1504)
marble, 14 ft tall
Michelangelo Believed…
That The human body
in sculpture was
the ultimate
expression of mankind
as a divine creation
3. Michelangelo “Il Divino”
Pope Julius II
summoned
Michelangelo to Rome
1508
And asked him to
paint ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo
reluctantly agreed
Sistine Chapel (1508-1512) 9
scenes from the book of Genesis
About the Sistine Chapel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEE3B
8Fsuc0
Math in Renaissance Art –
Golden Ratio
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tAZe6
pP-FM
Historian Jacob Burckhardt
Argued (1860) that the revival of ancient
learning in 14th &15th century Italy gave rise
to new secular and scientific values.
Video Music Review:
“Renaissance Man”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0CRX_
mqpzdU
THE NORTHERN
RENAISSANCE
At the end of this Section I will be
able to…
1. Describe the new methods of disseminating information
in Northern Europe.
2. Discuss the characteristics of Northern Renaissance art.
3. Identify 1 work by
Jan Van Eyck
Pieter Brughel
Albrecht Durer
And describe the significance of each piece
Northern Renaissance
Countries north of Italy
1. Flanders in the 1400’s (“Low Countries” )
included: Modern day Northern France,
Belgium, & the Netherlands
2. German states
Johannes Gutenberg
Invented 1st printing
press with movable
type
1st book printed:
Gutenberg Bible
(1456) -Mainz,
Germany
http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=QTD0_0x
ms9k
Impact of Printing Press
1. Widespread literacy
2. Communication –
spread of ideas , views,
news
3. New jobs- Printing
industry emerged
4. Books became
accessible to all
5. Language – books
printed in the vernacular
(common languages)
The Ideas of the Italian
Renaissance
Spread to Northern Europe…
Art in the Low Countries/
Flanders
Flemish artists:
Influenced by Italian
Renaissance
Painted:
1. scenes of daily life
2. Portraits
3. Landscapes
4. Religious Themes
* Used oil paints
Jan Van Eyck
Example of Northern
Renaissance art:
1434, The Arnolfini
Wedding
Every Detail Is Symbolic!!
Why is Giavanni not wearing shoes?
Why does Giovanna look pregnant?
Why does the chandelier have only 1
candle?
Why is there a dog in the portrait??
Why oranges?
The details
MirrorStations of the
cross
Wedding couple &
2 others
“Jan Van Eyck was
here, 1434”
The Details…
1 candle – a
marriage candle?
Or the eye of God?
Dog = fidelity ; fid;
fido
The details…
Oranges- wealth;
status symbol
The couple never
had children. Dress
symbolizes fertility
http://www.youtube
.com/watch?v=KJ0
O2A2WGjQ
The Arnolfini Wedding- Details
Albrecht Durer’s Selfies
German artist
1471-1528 known for
self portraits
Albrecht Durer’s Selfies
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZoiY6Z
LEKaY
Pieter Bruegel, the Elder
Painted scenes from
everyday life
(1525-1569)
Peasant Wedding,
1568
http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=G1Hs2GZKOhw
Children’s Games, 1560 Bruegel
Children’s Games, 1560 Bruegel
Children’s Games, 1560 Bruegel
Northern Humanism
1. Desiderius
Erasmus
Classical ideals +
Civic humanism +
Christian ideals of
love and piety
Philosophia Christi =
ethical piety in
imitation of Christ
Northern Humanism
2. Sir Thomas Moore
English
Wrote: Utopia (1516)
Imaginary society
based on reason,
tolerance.
APEURO10
REVIVAL OF THE
MONARCHY
At the end of this Section I will be
able to…
1. Identify the 3 reasons that allowed for the
emergence of monarchies.
2. Discuss the legacy of Isabella of Castille
and Ferdinand of Aragon (Spain).
3. Identify the 3 main elements of the
colonial economy in New Spain.
The Emergence of Nations
Shift from divided
feudal monarchies to
unified national
monarchies
Shift to Monarchies Due to…
1. Alliance Between
King & Town
Townspeople (not
nobles or clergy)
worked in royal
offices
Bookkeepers, lawyers,
military leaders, etc.
Shift to Monarchies Due to…
2. Taxes, War, Laws
Became “national”,
rather than
“regional”
Taxes as a source of
national income
Shift to Monarchies Due to…
3. Monarchies began
to build national
armies in the 15th
century
Mercenary soldiers
recruited from
Germany &
Switzerland for
“king’s army”
Shift to National Monarchy Case
Study: Spain
Isabella of Castile &
Leon Married
Ferdinand of Aragon
1469
Together They :
1. Secured borders
2. Expanded territories
3. Christianized Spain
“Los Reyes Católicos”
Spanish Unification &
Expansion
1. 1481-1492 Queen Isabella
& King Ferdinand’s army
conquered Muslim Moors
Kingdom of Granada (Southern
Spain)
Muslims exiled or forced to
convert (“moriscos”)
“Mediterranean Diaspora”:
Jews exiled as well
Converted Jews - “conversos”
Spanish Unification &
Expansion
2. 1492 Isabella &
Ferdinand funded
Columbus’ voyage
1521 Aztec empire fell to
Spain (Hernán Cortes)
1532 Inca empire fell to
Spain (Francisco Pizarro)
Nueva España 
Ferdinand & Isabella’s Daughters
Marriage = Political
Alliance!!
1. Juana (1479-1555)
married to Phillip the
Handsome (of
Austria)
Outspoken, jealous,
“madly in love” (at
first sight) with Felipe
Felipe el Hermoso (Phillip the
Handsome)
Juana’s Tumultuous Life
Phillip grew tired of
Juana…
Queen Isabella died 1504
and
Her father wanted Juana’s
inheritance !
Betrayed by Phillip the
handsome and & her
father King Ferdinand!!
Phillip died mysteriously
@ 28
“Juana La Loca” Was Betrayed
by:
Her Father!! King
Ferdinand!
Juana declared insane,
“unfit” to rule
Locked in tower castle
of Tordesillas 15071555
She never saw her 6
children again
Juana’s Tumultuous Life
Joanna “the Mad” & Phillip the Handsome
had 6 children
The most famous, Charles V (Carlos V)
Holy Roman Empire
Emperor Charles V
(1500-1558)
Son of Juana la Loca &
Phillip the Handsome
Inherited Kingdoms of:
Spain, Nueva España,
Austria, Naples and all
Habsburg lands (Germany
& Italy) !
Ferdinand & Isabella’s Daughters
2. Catherine of
Aragon (1485-1536)
was married @ 16 to
Arthur of England
(Henry VII’s Son)
He died 6 months after
wedding (1501)
Why Spoil the Alliance?
Catherine of Aragon
was then married off
to Arthur’s brother…
King Henry VIII !
She was wife #1 (out
of six)
Daughter -Mary I
(“bloody Mary”)
Ferdinand & Isabella’s Daughters
3. Princess Isabella (jr.)
Married off to Prince
Alfonso of Portugal 1490
He died 1491 -Thrown off
a horse
Princess Isabella was so
saddened by his death,
she…
Begged her parents to
send her to A convent!
Why Spoil the Alliance?
6 years later (1496)
Parents married her
off to Alfonso’s
brother,
Manuel I of
Portugal
She died giving birth
in 1500
The World as they knew it changed…
VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY
Isabella, Queen of Spain
Financed Christopher
Columbus’s voyage in
1492
Acquired territory in
the new world &
created an empire as a
result
Video-“America Before
Columbus”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvBdoO
G4IHs
Europe in 1491 begin 7:50
1492 Columbus “sailed the
ocean blue”
Columbus’ voyage led to further
Spanish exploration of the
Americas
1. Sailed for Spain
2. was confused!
3. Thought he was in India
4. Called people “Indians”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=IvBdoOG4IHs
Video: America Before Columbus
Start 13:15
14:35 exchange
Did Columbus Really “Discover”
America?
http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/c
hristopher-columbus
The World After Christopher Columbus
Sailed the Ocean Blue in 1492
Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
Agreement between
Spain & Portugal
To divide territories in
new world
West of line: Spain
East of Line : Portugal
Hernán Cortes
Defeated the Mexica
Empire (Aztec) in
1521
And claimed the land
for Spain
Francisco Pizarro
Defeated the Inca
Empire in 1533
And claimed the
territory for Spain
Spanish Empire by 1600
Life in New Spain
Bartholome de las
Casas – Dominican
Priest
“Conquest not
necessary for
conversion”
“Black Legend” –
Spanish treatment of
Native Americans
inhumane
Life in New Spain - Colonial
Economy
1. Mining
2. Agriculture
3. Shipping
Exploitation of
indigenous labor
African slaves also
introduced
Life in New Spain-Social
Pyramid -“Castas”
1. Peninsulares – Born in
Spain
2. Criollos – European
parents, born in new world
3. Mestizos – ½ Spanish,
½ Native American
4. Mulatos – ½ African,
½ Spanish
5. Africans
6. Native Americans
The Legacy of Ferdinand &
Isabella New Spain
Unified Spain and created
a Spanish empire
Territories in Mexico,
Central America, South
America AND the
American Southwest
Remained “Spanish” until
the Independence
movements 1810-1821