Transcript Obtaining Food

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Tropical Biology (Costa Rica)
Biology 320
May 20-31, 2008
Register for Bio 360 and 320 for Spring
$1900 approximate cost
Scholarships Available!
For more information:
Dr. Elliott or Dr. Szczys
G113 or Planetarium EML
ECSU Biology Club
[email protected]
Meetings: Tuesdays, 5 PM, Goddard Lobby
House Party
9 PM November 13
Student Center Theater
Food etc.
Quiz 7:
Highest score was one-question wrong. Congratulations !
Next-highest scores were 3 questions wrong…so I
decided to adjust by 3 questions rather than 1.
Obviously then, the highlighted score should be three
columns to the left of what you earned. And for that one
person…the resulting maximum score was 104.8%
The Quiz 7 average was 70.9%
The Course average of averages was 79.9%
Next assignment due:
Seed Germination Worksheet page 1 and 2 ONLY
Monday, October 22, 2007. http://plantphys.info/organismal/
Please pick up two sample journal articles
Biology:
life study of
What is Life?
Properties of Life
Cellular Structure: the unit of life, one or many
Metabolism: photosynthesis, respiration, fermentation,
digestion, gas exchange, secretion, excretion,
circulation--processing materials and energy
Growth: cell enlargement, cell number
Movement: intracellular, movement, locomotion
Reproduction: avoid extinction at death
Behavior: short term response to stimuli
Evolution: long term adaptation
Obtaining Food
Heterotrophs need to
feed on other organisms, their byproducts, or their dead bodies to survive
Heterotrophic Organisms
Herbivores: feed directly upon producers
Carnivores: feed directly upon herbivores or other carnivores
Omnivores: feed upon both producers and consumers
Parasites: feed upon living organisms causing disease
Saprobes: feed upon by-products and/or dead bodies
Food is required as fuel for respiration:
Cytosolic Glycolysis:
sugars to pyruvate
Mitochondrial Matrix Krebs Cycle:
pyruvate to CO2 and NADH
Mitochondrial Cristae ETS/Oxidative Phosphorylation:
NADH and O2 to H2O and ADP + Pi to ATP
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Here is an invertebrate animal collecting plant byproducts.
Nectar is a good supply of carbohydrate…not much else
Pollen is a better supply of protein, vitamins, and minerals
Prokaryotes intake small organics from the surrounding medium…
by facilitated diffusion or active transport across cell membrane
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Digestive enzymes
secreted into the
medium convert
macromolecules
into subunits for
uptake
http://library.thinkquest.org/3564/Cells/cell91.gif
Here is a fungus body…these penetrate living or dead tissues…
parasite
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
saprobe
The haustoria digest the cells they penetrate or siphon off
cellular components to support the fungal mycelium.
Fungal digestion is basically EXTERNAL.
•Digestive enzymes are secreted into the food
•Subunits are absorbed by diffusion and active transport
These fungi are more “active” in their feeding...
They trap and strangle their nematode prey:
B Arthrobotrys dactyloides
sticky traps
lasso
What is the difference between these two images?
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Dactylella drechsleri
The feeding of two Paramecium by one Amoeba
engulfing prey by
phagocytosis
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Paramecium
Amoeba
An example of internal digestion
entrapment in
food vacuole for
digestion
cilia movement
1
2
5
4
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
capture
phagocytosis
enzymatic digestion
subunit absorption
waste elimination
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
The feeding of Paramecium itself is also internal digestion:
Intracellular food digestion:
Golgi
lysosome
enzymes
endoplasmic
reticulum
subunits
waste
exocytosis
phagocytosis
food vacuole
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
digestive vacuole
phagocytosis of food
food vacuole formation
lysosome + food vacuole = digestive vacuole
enzymatic digestion of food
absorption of subunits
exocytosis of waste
Gastrovascular cavity digestion in Cnidarian polyp
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
gland cell secretes digestive enzymes to
disintegrate prey item into smaller particles
and
anus!
digestive cell takes in smaller particles for
intracellular digestion
This is a combination of external and internal digestion
There is also a unique prey capture process in cnidarians
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Cnidoblasts (cyan) contain nematocysts (yellow and blue)
This feature of cnidarians is perhaps most famous in the
scyphozoans (jellyfish) and hydrozoans (Portuguese-man-o-war)
Notice the
corrugations
to increase
the surface
area for
nutrient
absorption.
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
In flatworms, such as Dugesia, and like cnidarians,
the mouth is also the anus…the digestive system is
a blind pouch.
http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/nematode/nem_fig1.jpg
Nematode Tubular Digestive System
http://www.ua.es/dpto/dcarn/fitopatologia/Images/Celegans1.jpg
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/phyla/ecdysozoa/nematodexssm.gif
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Earthworms also have a tubular digestive system
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Earthworms also have a tubular digestive system
Spring 2007 Registration Advising
Go to the office of your academic advisor…
do not telephone her/him!
Danielle, Tina, Heather, Carlos: Media 224
Make an appointment…
usually by sign-up sheet posted on the door
Freshmen (<30 cr): November 26-30
Sophomores (30-<60 cr): November 5-9
Juniors (60-<90 cr): Oct 29-Nov 2
Seniors (>90 cr): THIS WEEK!
Karl: The instructions for Seed Germination work in Excel 2007
Seed Germination Worksheet (pg 1 and 2 only) is due today.
This cartoon shows a longitudinal slice of a chiton with the three
principal parts: foot (locomotion or attachment), visceral mass
(internal organs), and mantle (secretes valves).
The radula scrapes food from environmental surfaces.
dorsal aorta
gonad
valve plates
heart
pericardial cavity
(coelom)
ventricle
hemocoel
auricle
radula
mantle
mouth
anus
foot
digestive stomach
nephridium
nephridiopore
gland
ventral
gonopore
nerve cord
(not shown)
As for most molluscs, chitons use a radula to scrape their food
from environmental surfaces. Below is a radula removed from
a chiton mouth. Bivalve molluscs are filter feeders, however.
http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/stories/Chiton_teeth_m97943.jpg
Spider Anatomy: Not that different from a mollusc in many ways.
Fang injects venom with digestive enzymes into prey
The chelicera support tube as stomach sucks in liquified prey tissues
Food passes through intestines for complete digestion/absorption
Waste eliminated from anus
http://www.rochedalss.eq.edu.au/spider/spideran.gif
Insecta: the largest class out-numbers all other animals combined!
Just about every environment…except marine!
Entomology: the study of insects
Evolved in Devonian period 400 MYBP
http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbios/33-33-InsectAnatomy-L.gif
A look inside:
Insects have the open circulation system found in chitons, etc.
The segmentation is not too far from the annelids.
Much of the internal system is similar to molluscs.
The major difference: spiracles on abdominal segments lead to
tracheal tubes inside for gas exchange
http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbios/33-33-InsectAnatomy-L.gif
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
This female mosquito has a diverticulum to hold a blood meal
The animal lives for 4-5 days on this one meal
The protein is used for laying a “raft” of eggs in water
Most birds
have a crop
for holding
food to feed
offspring.
The gizzard
assists in
mechanical
grinding of
food.
The cloaca is
a single exit
for:
•digestive
•urinary
•reproductive
systems
esophagus
intestine gizzard stomach
crop
rectum
cloaca
http://i.pbase.com/u49/wangi/upload/40767363.P1150275small.jpg
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Blue whales and other baleen whales are filter feeders
You can see the baleen (teeth) of this whale that filter out krill
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
In most vertebrates, digestion begins with mastication using teeth
Juvenile teeth may be
replaced by adult teeth
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Dentition may include cutting, tearing, and grinding teeth
Among vertebrates the dentition has functional significance:
beaver
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
snake
deer
dog
amylase
bile (emulsifier)
bacterial culture
unknown
pepsin, HCl
trypsin, amylase,
H2CO3 (alk),
lipase
water reabsorption
subunit absorption
waste holding,
elimination
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
The human digestive system:
Seed Germination (page 1 and 2 only)
4 perfect papers…Congratulations!
Average: 93.3%
Scores will be included in course grade on next quiz.
Get to work on creating your Z-test spreadsheet
This will compare any treatment with its control.
You will use the spreadsheet several times for this
term project…so get going on it.
Again, thanks to Karl for verifying that Office 2007
can use the instructions on page 5 of handout.
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
The movement of food in the digestive tube is by parastalsis
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
To increase the surface area of the absorptive regions of
the intestine, the lining is corrugated and lined with villi
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
An intestinal cross section reveals the increased surface area:
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
The villi of the intestine have good blood supply for nutrient uptake
Notice how the villus is coated with microvilli…for more area!
microvilli
villus
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Here you can see the microvilli from a single villus
Can you
speculate
why this
might have
evolved?
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
The carnivorous adult has a shorter digestive system than
The herbivorous larva:
Horses cannot digest much of their food. Microbes are only in the
caecum. Horse manure makes good compost and food for fungi.
Equus caballus
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Frisian_horse.jpg/800px-Frisian_horse.jpg
Because their microbes are in their caecum too, rabbits
pass material through their digestive system twice.
Oryctolagus cuniculus
http://www.dcn.davis.ca.us/go/pmartin/photos/vodka.jpg
In ruminants, the
microbe culture is
mixed with masticated
food in the rumen.
The mixture is
masticated repeatedly
(chewing the cud)
from this rumen to
assist fermentation…
especially hydrolysis
of cellulose.
Then the mixture
passes to the rest of
the digestive system
Bos taurus
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Ruminant animals use bacteria and archaeons to assist digestion
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
The herbivorous
tropical bird, the
hoatzin, uses a
muscular crop for its
fermentation vat.
It can represent 20%
of the bird’s total
weight!
It is a poor flier.
Its young falling, into
swamps below, crawl
back up into the nest
using claws on the
wings (like dinosaurs).
Opisthocomus hoazin
Digestion of polysaccharides
amylase
amylase
Glucose Glucose
Starch
Maltose
maltase
amylase
Maltose
maltase
Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose
Protein digestion in mammals:
Stomach
pepsin
amino end His
Pancreas
Glu
Tyr
pepsin
Thr
Lys
His
Glu
Ser
chymotrypsin trypsin
His
Glu
Tyr
Thr
terminal AA removers
His
Glu
Lys
His
Arg
Asp
trypsin
Glu
Ser
Arg
Asp
Trp
Thr
Phe
chymotrypsin
Trp
Thr
Phe
Thr
Phe
aminopeptidase carboxypeptidase
Tyr
dipeptide splitter
dipeptidase
Thr
Lys
His
dipeptidase
Glu
Ser
Arg
dipeptidase
Asp
Trp
dipeptidase
His
Glu
Tyr
Thr
Lys
His
Glu
Ser
Arg
Asp
Trp
Thr
Phe
His
Glu
Tyr
Thr
Lys
His
Glu
Ser
Arg
Asp
Trp
Thr
Phe
Individual Amino Acids For Absorption
carboxyl end
Activation by acidic
pepsin cleavage
Finished chymotrypsin
with active site
recognizing Tyr, Trp
and Phe
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Chymotrypsinogen conversion into chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsinogen from pancreas
Summary of macromolecule digestion into subunits
Polysaccharides
Disaccharides
Monosaccharides
starch
(amylose)
salivary amylase
pancreatic amylase
Proteins
maltose
sucrose
lactose
Peptides
Endopeptidases:
stomach pepsin
pancreatic trypsin
pancreatic chymotrypsin
intestinal
maltase
sucrase
lactase
gluose
frucose
galactose
Amino Acids
Exopeptidases:
pancreatic
intestinal
monoglycerides
Fats (triglycerides)
Emulsified fats pancreatic lipase fatty acids
liver bile
glycerol
lactose
lactase
glucose + galactose
In normal human genotypes, adult lactase production is shut down,
making fermentation of milk products only by bacteria in the large
intestine result in cramps, gas, and diarrhea.
Lacking mutation in adult shutdown of lactase production
<25% Dutch, Swedes, Danes, Swiss, US Whites,
Germans, Slavs, Northern French, Northern
Italians, Tutsi, Fulani (milk in adult diet)
>40% Indian, Southern Italians, Saami, US
Hispanics, Balkans, Mexicans, Maasai,
Southern French, Greeks, South
Americans, African Americans, Lebanese
>80% Central Asians, Eskimo, Australian
Aborigines, Bantu, Chinese, Southeast
Asians, Native Americans (no milk in adult
diet)