Transcript Role of Dietary Methionine in Poultry Production

Role of Dietary Methionine
in Poultry Production
Summarized & Presented By
Ahmed M. Al-Zahrani – PhD student
Animal Science Department
Advance Poultry Nutrition
Advisor prof. Tariq Shafey
Contents
Introduction
 Source of Methionine
 Comparative Bioeffcacy of DLM and LMA
 Absorption and Transportation
 Interrelationship between Methionine
and Other Nutrients

◦ Dietary Cyst(e)ine and Sulfur
◦ Methyl Donors
◦ Protein Level in the Diet
Contents
Methionine and Heat Stress.
 Effect of Methionine on the Immune
System
 Methionine Requirement

◦ Broiler Chickens
◦ Laying Hens

Conclusions
Introduction
This presentation
Effects
of supplementation
Effects
of DLM and LMA sources.
Importance of Methionine:
EAS for protein synthesis.
 methyl donor group.
 precursor in metabolic pathways.
 Involved in polyamine synthesis.
 As a sulfur donor.
 Enhance production.
 First limiting amino acid


Reduce cost.

Balance of EAA help to:
Enhances growth.
Maximizes edible meat yield.
Reduces carcass fat.
Balance animal’s nutrient intake.

↑ Methionine:
◦ Impair body weight gain.
◦ 0.5% ↑ not harmful to broiler chicks fed cornsoybean meal diets.
Deficiency has a significant negative impact
Growth.
Metabolic disorder.
Disease.

Why more methionine supp. required?
Because:
◦ The need for plant protein source▲ instead of
animal protein.
◦ Using byproducts of seed oil ▲

Used in two forms:
◦ DLM.
◦ HMTBA Hydroxy Methyle Thio Butanic Acid.
Source of Methionine
 Synthesis
Methionine
produced
propylene (a petroleum derivative).
 DLM
& LMA is known as:
DL-Methionine (DLM: powder form).
DL-2-hydroxy-4-[methyl] butanoic acid:
 LMA: liquid 88%
 & powder 84%
from
HMTBA
88% DL-HMTBA, 12% water
(Liquid )
DLM
99% DL-methionine
84 % DL-HMBTA 16 %
Calcium Soult (powder)
Organic acid
& amino acid
precursor
Absorbed by diffusion along
entire GIT
L-isomer converted
in the peroxisomes
D-isomer converted
in the mitochondria
Amino-acid precursor
Absorbed by carrier in small
intestine
L-isomer
directly active
D-isomer converted
in the peroxisomes
Comparative Bioeffcacy
of DLM and LMA

Bioavailability of LMA compared with DLM in 6590%.

Bioavailability difference of DLM & LMA remain
unclear.

Biological efficiencies of LMA were 81 and 79% of
the values for DLM, on an equimolar basis, for
weight gain and feed conversion ratio, respectively.

LMA is an acceptable source of methionine (88%
bioefficacy) for broiler chicks.
Regression analysis revealed that:
◦ LMA as efficacious as pure DLM on an asfed basis, was:
68%
(weight gain)
67%
(feed conversion)
62%
(carcass yield)
64%
(breast meat yield)
◦ meanwhile LMA as efficacious as DLM
on a weight-for- weight was:
72%
(weight gain)
51%
(feed conversion),
48%
(carcass yield)
60%
(breast yield)
The effects of dietary treatments
on growth performance
of male broiler chickens from 0-6 weeks of age
Basal diet
DLM
Relative bioefficacy of LMA to DLM
76%
80%
84%
88%
Initial weight (g)
38.6
38.6
38.6
38.6
38.6
38.6
Final weight (g)
2.376a
2.725b
2.721b
2.789b
2.735b
2.804b
Weight gain (g)
2.338a
2.687b
2.682b
2.751b
2.697b
2.765b
Feed intake (g/day)
4.030a
4.277b
4.268b
4.491b
4.319b
4.498b
Feed conversion
ratio
1.72a
1.59b
1.59b
1.63b
1.60b
1.63b
Mortality (%)
0.00
0.00
1.33
0.67
1.33
3.33
Uniformity (%)
88.08
90.44ab
90.19ab
92.31b
90.65b
91.61b
 comparing
the gain-response curve to
dietary levels of LMA and DLM:
◦ Both have different dose-response forms.
◦ LMA outperforms DLM at commercial levels,
whereas DLM outperforms LMA at deficient
levels.
Absorption and
Transportation
Absorption
Transportation
Absorption and transportation of methionine
complicated processes.
are
Absorption
Absorbe through the small intestine.
The absorption of dipolar amino acids such as Lmethionine by the small intestine (brush- border
membrane vesicles) in chicken is mediated by multiple
pathways.
Absorption
Methionine uptake capacity in both the duodenum and
jejunum:
• ↑ between hatching and 7d.
• remained constant between 7 and 14d.
• so they assume that from 7d feed intake may be the
major factor controlling nutrient uptake in chicks.
Absorption
↑ Methionine → ↓ uptake of methionine and other
nutrients.
L-lysine uptake is strongly inhibited by ↑ methionine.
↑ SAA affects organic bone matrix metabolism.
Absorption
absorption may be accomplished by
L-methionine
both:
• concentration
• and energy- dependent processes.
while the absorption of LMA is concentrationdependent.
The small intestine has similar capacities to absorb
LMA and L- methionine.
Transport
What & How?
 The cell membrane consists of 2 layers of
protein molecules enclosing a middle layer of
lipid (fat) molecules.


Many tiny openings or pores.

The cell membrane is famous for its selective
permeability.

The processes to pass cell membrane:
(Diffusion, active transport & ingestion)
Transportation
L-methionine is transported by a single Na+ dependent mechanism.
↑ methionine down regulates specific transport
mechanisms of the small intestine involved in the apical
L-methionine transport.
By focusing on differences between methionine sources,
different multiple transport systems appear to be
involved in transporting both DLM and LMA.
Interrelationship between Methionine
and Other Nutrients
Dietary Cyst(e)ine andSulfur
Methyl Donors
Protein Level in the Diet
Dietary Cyst(e)ine and Sulfur

Methionine have many interrelationships with other
nutrients.
WHY?
because many metabolic pathways and other
nutrients (cystine, choline, betain, vitamin B6, vitamin
B12, and folate) involve methionine.

The molar efficacies of methionine, 1/2 cystine and
cysteine were the same.

Poultry require meth. & cysteine for protein
synthesis.
Methyl Donors

Methionine, betaine and choline are methyl donors
that play important roles in methylation reactions.

Eeffect of methionine is unique and other methyl
donors could not substitute for methionine.
Protein Level in the Diet

Level of methionine
concentration.
depend on the protein

TSAA level depends on the dietary protein level. It
does not change with age when it is expressed in
terms of dietary protein.

Broiler chick’s requirement for TSAA increased
with increasing dietary protein concentrations.

The amino acid requirements tended to ↓ as
protein content ↑.

In laying hens when the ratio of protein:
methionine was kept constant:◦ Methionine sup. to (18% CP) ↓ egg production.
◦ Methionine sup. To (14 and 16% CP) ↑
production.

↑ cysteine content by ↑ dietary protein → ↓
methionine requirement.
Methionine
and Heat Stress

↑ temp. → ↓ feed intake to maintain homeothermy.

Imbalance amino acid or methionine deficiency → ↑
heat production when temp. is ↑.

Raising broiler at ↑ temp. requires higher TSAA.

Dietary protein produces a ↑ heat increment. So
we need to replace it with essential amino acids
during ↑ temp.

↓ limiting amino acid or protein content in the diet
negatively affects production performance.

Arg: Lys, methionine source and duration of
exposure to heat stress affected protein utilization
in hyperthermic birds.

Methionine to a low-protein diet → ↓ mortality of
hens under heat stress.
Effects of additional methionine in low-protein diet on production performance
of laying hens from 24 to 44 weeks of age under heat stress (35°C)
Low-CP diet (14% CP)
Control
(16% CP)
0.38% Met
0.44%
Met
0.38%
Met
0.30%
Met
0.26%
Met
98.14a
99.98a
99.73a
98.21a
87.85b
Protein intake (g/day)
15.70a
14.00b
13.96b
13.75b
12.30c
Met intake (mg/day)
372.94b
439.93a
378.96b
294.64c
228.40d
Egg production (%)
75.60a
74.76a
72.51b
69.16b
65.24c
Egg weight (g)
54.92a
54.82a
55.22a
54.43a
50.80b
Egg mass (g/hen/day)
42.05a
40.98b
40.41b
37.64c
33.34d
FCR (g feed /g egg)
2.33c
2.43b
2.47b
2.60a
2.63a
Mortality (%)
8.22b
5.87c
5.89c
6.07b
11.75a
Item
Feed intake (g/day)

Net absorption during heat of LMA was significantly
↓ than DLM (broiler chicks 21 to 42 days of age).

At ↑ temp. (35°C):
◦ length and weight of the small intestine ↓.
◦ Absorption rate of both methionine sources ↑
compared to that under thermoneutral conditions
(22°C). They also suggested a higher absorption
velocity for DLM than that for LMA.
Uptake & utilization in heat-stressed birds into
intestinal epithelial cells were :
↓ for DLM but not for LMA.
Effect of Methionine
on the Immune System

High methionine supplementation promotes good
health for poultry.
For example:
improved leukocyte migration inhibition, cellular
immune response and humoral immune response.
↑ blood serum total protein, albumin, globulin and
antibody
response to Newcastle
disease
virus.

Methionine overcome growth depression.

TSAA supp. of diets containing aflatoxin improved
performance in chickens.

↑ (DLM and LMA) → ↓ intestinal populations of
Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. and may ↓
the risk of necrotic enteritis.

The toxicity of LMA was low relative to DLM.
Methionine Requirement
Broiler Chickens
Laying Hens
Broiler Chickens

Feed consumption
dietary energy.
is mainly
controlled by

Level and balance of (EAA) significantly affected
feed intake, consequent weight gain and carcass
composition.

Broiler chicks react to amino acid deficiencies
within a short period (hours) by adjusting feed
intake.

TSAA requirement ↑ than methionine:
for
maximum feed utilization and breast meat yield
than
for obtaining maximum weight gain.

based on the feed conv. ratio in broilers :
◦ 0.95% TSAA most profitable if grown to 1.7 kg.
◦ 0.85% TSAA most profitable if grown to 2.2 kg.

Genetic diversity
utilization.
influences

Different strains
methionine.
require different amounts of

↑ Methionine →:
◦ ↑ breast meat.
◦ ↓ abdominal fat pad.
due to a good balance of AA
the
methionine
Broiler nutrition recommendations according to the nutrition guideline of strains
Nutritional recommendation (%)
Strain
Ross 308
Cobb
ArborAc
res
NRC
(1994)
Stage
TSAA
Methionine
Relative to lysine
TSAA
Meth.
0.47
74
38
0.45
0.42
76
38
0.76
0.41
0.38
78
39
0.98
0.86
0.56
0.50
74
38
Growe
0.96
0.84
0.53
0.48
75
40
Finisher1
0.88
0.77
0.48
0.43
78
41
Finisher2
0.80
0.7
0.44
0.40
78
41
Starter
0.97
0.86
0.53
0.46
71
39
Growe
0.85
0.75
0.46
0.41
72
39
Finisher1
0.78
0.69
0.42
0.37
73
39
Finisher2
0.77
0.68
0.42
0.37
76
41
Starter
0.90
-
0.50
-
82
46
Growe
0.72
-
0.38
-
72
38
Finisher
0.60
-
0.32
-
71
38
Totel
Digest
Totel
Digest
Starter
1.07
0.94
0.51
Grower
0.95
0.84
Finisher
0.60
Starte
Laying Hens

Methionine expressed as mg/day.

NRC (1994) reported :
Strain
White-egg hens
brown egg type
Meth (mg)
300
330
TSAA (mg)
580
645
Above 413 mg/day → :
◦ ↑ Albumen total solids and protein.
 At 507 and 556 mg/day → :
◦ ↑ yolk protein compared to 413


Investigators found the following:
Hen
Requirement
Meth (mg/d)
424 - 440
TSAA (mg/d)
740 - 811

White-egg laying hens require ↓ TSAA than
brown-egg laying hens.

Commercial laying hens require ↑ TSAA than
the NRC (1994) recommendation.

The requirement for maximum egg production is
↓ than for maximum feed utilization.
And the requirement for egg quality is ↑ than for
egg production and feed utilization.

Methionine intake should be ↑ than 420 mg/day to
maximize the quantity and quality of egg
production.
Conclusions





Methionine is important for poultry production.
Level should carefully considered.
Requirement to support immune system is
high because it is needed for protein synthesis &
to produce some antioxidants.
Absorption and utilization of DLM and LMA
under heat stress is unclear (complicated.)
In normal situations, LMA can be used as a
source of methionine.