Transcript Relationships and Biodiversity NYSED Lab Review

Relationships
and
Biodiversity
NYSED Lab
Review
Please note:
• “Curol” is a fictitious plant extract mentioned in
the NYSED lab that has the ability to effectively
treat cancer. IT DOES NOT EXIST. Likewise,
any “Curol” images included in this presentation
are simply images taken from an internet search
and are not a cancer cure. It is simply a product
found with a similar name. I do not know what it
is used for as the website was not translated into
the English language.
What does this lab entail?
• Seven tests that look at the physical,
chemical, and microscopic characteristics
of three plants that may be able to create
Curol, even though they are not Botana
curus (the plants that does produce it).
• Comparison of data to determine
relationships.
• Define the crucial need for biodiversity.
Test 1 - Structural Characteristics
of Plants
QUESTION:
Botana curus
Which leaves most
closely resemble the
leaves produced by
Botana curus?
Species Z
Record your
observations in the data
table.
Species Y
Species X
Test 2 – Structural Characteristics
of Seeds
QUESTION:
Botana curus seeds
Which seeds most
closely resemble the
seeds produced by
Botana curus?
Species X seeds
Record your
observations in the
data table.
Species Z seeds
Species Y seeds
Test 3 – Microscopic Internal
Structures of Stems
QUESTION:
Botana curus
Which stem
structures most
closely resemble
the stem
structures of
Botana curus?
Species X
Record your
observations in
the data table.
Species Y
Species Z
Test 4 – Paper Chromatography to
Separate Plant Pigments
Water migrates
up paper via
capillary action
and carries
plant pigments
with it.
B.curus
X
Y
Z
“Spot” your
chromatography paper
and label it with a pencil.
B.curus
X
Y
Z
Test 5 – Indicator Tests for Enzyme M
Botana curus
Botana curus
(“fizzed” a little)
Species X
Species X
(no “fizz”)
Species Y
Indicator
Enzyme
M
Species Y
(“fizzed” a little)
Species Z
Species Z
(“fizzed” a little)
Put two drops of each plant
Extract in separate wells of
the well tray.
Add a small
sprinkle of
“Indicator
Enzyme M”
Record your results.
Test 6 – Using Simulated Gel
Electrophoresis to Compare DNA
The strips below represent the DNA strands extracted from each plant (B.
curus, X, Y, and Z). Each strand will be “cut” between a double C/double G.
Therefore, lines are drawn below where each strip should be cut. Then,
count up the number of bases and paste appropriately in the simulated Gel
Electrophoresis table on the next slide.
Botana curus
AT T C C G GAT C GAT C G C C G G ATATA C T C C G G TAATAT C
Species X
AT T G TAC C G G G AT C C G G AC G T C G C GA C TAATATAG C A
Species Y
AC C G G T C C G G G AT C G CAC C C G G TA C T C C T G TAATAT C
Species Z
AT T C C G GAT C GAT C G C C G G ATAT T C T C C G G TAATAT
Simulated Gel Electrophoresis
# of
Bases
Botana curus
Species X
Species Y
Species Z
24
-
23
GGACGTCGCGACTAATATAGCA
22
21
20
19
18
GGTACTCCTGTAATATC
17
16
15
14
13
12
GGATCGATCGCC
GGGATCGCACCC
GGATCGATCGCC
11
GGATATACTCC
GGATATACTCC
GGTAATATC
GGTAATATC
10
9
8
ATTGTACC
7
GGGATCC
6
5
ATTCC
GGTCC
ATTCC
4
3
2
1
ACC
+
Test 7 – Molecular Evidence for
Relationships
Botana curus
CAC
GTG
GAC
TGA
GGA
CTC
CTC
mRNA
GUG
CAC
CUG
ACU
CCU
GAG
GAG
Amino acid
Val
His
Leu
Thr
Pro
Glu
Glu
Species X
CAC
GTG
GAC
AGA
GGA
CAC
CTC
mRNA
GUG
CAC
CUG
UCU
CCU
GUG
GAG
Amino acid
Val
His
Leu
Ser
Pro
Val
Glu
Species Y
CAC
GTG
GAC
AGA
GGA
CAC
CTC
mRNA
GUG
CAC
CUG
UCU
CCU
GUG
GAG
Amino acid
Val
His
Leu
Ser
Pro
Val
Glu
Species Z
CAC
GTA
GAC
TGA
GGA
CTT
CTC
mRNA
GUG
CAC
CUG
ACU
CCU
GAA
GAG
Val
His
Leu
Thr
Pro
Glu
Glu
Amino acid
And where did you get those Amino
Acids from???
Your friend and mine… The Universal Genetic Code Chart
So, what is the closest and most probable
alternative source for Curol???
Test
Most similar to Botana curus?
Test 1 – Structural Characteristics of Plants
Species Z as it has the same kind of parallel
veination in the leaves.
Test 2 - Structural Characteristics of Seeds
Species Z seeds are flat and striped, much the
same as Botana curus seeds are.
Test 3 – Microscopic Internal Structure of Stems
Species Z vascular bundles closely resemble
those of Botana curus.
Test 4 – Paper Chromatography of Pigments
Species Z and Botana curus share a similar
pattern of pigmentation in paper chromatography.
Test 5 – Indicator Tests for Enzyme M
While many “fizzed”, once again Species Z and
Botana curus reacted the same.
Test 6 – Simulated Gel Electrophoresis
Identical banding pattern in both Botana curus
and Species Z.
Test 7 – Amino Acid Comparison
Species Z and Botana curus have the most
similarities.
And the winner is…..
(insert drum roll here…)
Species Z
Questions:
• Paper chromatography can be used to
investigate evolutionary relationships. Leaves
from a plant were ground and mixed with a
solvent. The mixture of ground leaves and
solvent was then filtered. Using a toothpick,
twenty drops of the filtrate (material that passed
through the filter) were placed at one spot on a
strip of chromatography paper. This procedure
was repeated using leaves from three other
species of plants. A separate strip of
chromatography paper was prepared for each
plant species. Each of the four strips of
chromatography paper was placed in a different
beaker containing the same solvent for the same
amount of time. One of the laboratory setups is
shown below.
• State one reason for using a new toothpick for
the filtrate from each plant. [1]
• 2. State one way the four strips would most likely
be different from each other after being removed
from the beakers. [1]
• 3. State how a comparison of these resulting
strips could indicate evolutionary relationships.
[1]
•
•
Base your answer to question 4 on the portion of the mRNA
codon chart and information below.
How would the amino acid sequence produced by the
mutant strand (series II) compare to the amino acid
sequence produced by series I?
(1) The amino acid sequence would be shorter.
(2) One amino acid in the sequence would change.
(3) The amino acid sequence would remain unchanged.
(4) More than one amino acid in the sequence would
change.
• Base your answers to questions 5 through 7 on the
diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Letters
A through L represent different species of organisms.
The arrows represent long periods of geologic time.
• 5) Which two species are the most closely related?
(1) J and L
(2) G and L
(3) F and H
(4) F and G
• Which species was best adapted to changes that
occurred in its environment over the longest period of
time?
(1) A
(2) B
(3) C
(4) J
• Which two species would most likely show the greatest
similarity of DNA and proteins?
(1) B and J
(2) G and I
(3) J and K
(4) F and L
• Base your answers to questions 8 through 11 on the
information and diagram below and on your knowledge
of biology. The four wells represented in the diagram
were each injected with fragments that were prepared
from DNA samples using identical techniques.
This laboratory procedure is known as
(1) cloning
(2) gel electrophoresis
(3) chromatography
(4) use of a dichotomous key
• The arrow represents the direction of the movement of
the DNA fragments. What is responsible for the
movement of the DNA in this process? [1]
• 10) The four samples of DNA were taken from four
different individuals. Explain how this is evident from the
results shown in the diagram. [1]
• 11) Identify the substance that was used to treat the DNA
to produce the fragments that were put into the wells. [1]
• Base your answers to questions 12 through 13 on the
information provided and on your knowledge of biology.
• A student observed the physical characteristics of seven
organisms and prepared the data table below.
• Which characteristic from the data table did the student use
to group the organisms? [1]
• Another classmate
suggested that the
earthworm is more closely
related to the jellyfish than
to any other organism
observed. State the
evidence from the data
table that the student
most likely used for this
suggested relationship. [1]
• Fish and snakes are very
different organisms, yet
they have many
similarities. Provide a
biological explanation for
the fact that fish and
snakes have so many
characteristics in
common. [1]