Transcript Regents Lab Review

Regents Lab Review
Diffusion and Osmosis
• Designed to help you understand the
concepts of Diffusion and Osmosis and how
these cell processes effect the cell;
• Define: diffusion, osmosis, hypertonic,
isotonic, hypotonic, saline, selectively
permeable, molecule size;
Part 1: Diffusion
• Diffusion: movement of molecules from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration along the
concentration gradient.
• Example is when you put your Lugol’s solution into the
water and the water began to turn the “rust/tea” color.
Before diffusion occurs…
After diffusion occurs…
Part 2: Create a “cell”
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Soak 10 inches of dialysis tubing;
Tie knot in one end;
Put 10mL of glucose solution in and 20mL of starch solution in;
Pinch/clamp closed and put into cellular environment (Lugol’s and water) for 15
minutes;
Observe the changes and infer what happened
Insert into
“cellular
environment”
Wait
about 15
minutes
and
observe.
After 15 minutes, observe…
• What happened to the glucose in the “cell”?
…the starch in the “cell”? …the Lugol’s iodine
outside the “cell”? Why?
S
G G
GS
I
I
I
G
I
I
At the beginning…
S
G I
IS
G
I
After 15 minutes…
Iodine solution (I)
Glucose solution (G)
Starch solution (S)
And now, the part that makes you cry (ok, not really,
but the “Red Onion” part of the lab)…
• Prepare a wet mount slide
of the inner epidermis of a
red onion section;
• Observe the red onion and
draw what you see;
• Add a couple of drops of
saline (salt) solution to the
epidermis. Wait 5
minutes;
• Observe under
microscope again, note
any changes;
• Add freshwater to the
slide, wait 5 minutes,
observe changes again.
Red Onion Plasmolysis Observation
• Before and after observations of red onion
epidermis under the microscope (400X)
Red onion under in isotonic (normal)
solution. Note cell membrane and
cytoplasm almost completely “fill” the
boundary of the cell wall.
Red onion under in hypertonic (salt)
solution. Note cell membrane has
“withdrawn” and the cytoplasm has lost
water to the salty environment, making it
appear smaller and darker.
The Beaks of Finches
NYSED Lab
What is the “goal” of the lab?
• Demonstrate how Darwin’s Finches (those
that he observed on the Galapagos Islands)
have adapted new beaks yet remain similar
to the shared common ancestor that most
likely came from the mainland.
Required Supplies for “B of F”
A randomly
assigned “beak”
Small seed island
Petri dish
Large seed island
Timer
Round 1
• Only one seed at a time may be eaten. To be
“eaten” it must land inside your stomach.
• If you scoop seeds or eat more than one at a
time, you “choke” and vomit all of your seeds
out.
• Average is taken from four trials, 60 seconds
each.
And now, Round 1…
Seeds Collected
Partner #1
Trial #1
Partner #1
Trial #2
Partner #2
Trial #3
Partner #2
Trial #4
Average
Did you average over 13 seeds?
YES
Go to Round 2
Increased
Competition
NO
Repeat Round 1 on
the “big seed”
island with the
same beak
Successful in Round 1?
Welcome to Round 2!!!
Repeat the same procedure but this time have
another “bird” to compete against!
Round 2 - Increased Competition
Seeds Collected
Partner #1
Trial #1
Partner #1
Trial #2
Partner #2
Trial #3
Partner #2
Trial #4
Average
Compete the table and move on to Round 3
where there is “Increased Competition” if you
average over 13 seeds.
Unsuccessful in Round 1?
Go to a “large seed” island and start over (even though you have starved to death, you are resurrected)
Seeds Collected
Partner #1
Trial #1
Partner #1
Trial #2
Partner #2
Trial #3
Partner #2
Trial #4
Average
Did you average over 13 seeds this time?
YES
Go to Round 2, but with
another large seed eater
as competition on the
“large seed” island
NO
Get a new “beak”
and try yet again
(not a possibility in
nature)
Successful in Round 2?
Welcome to Round 3!!
Increased Competition
(more than 1 other bird)
Repeat the same procedure but this
time have even more birds to compete
against!
Seeds
Collected
Partner #1
Trial #1
Partner #1
Trial #2
Partner #2
Trial #3
Partner #2
Trial #4
Average
Don’t fret. It is almost over!
Not successful in Round 2?
“Here endeth the lesson…”
So, what did you learn?
• Birds have evolved many different mechanisms and
modifications that make them more well-adapted to the
environment in which they live.
• Structural differences (in beaks) are significant enough to
make you into a new species, but you did descend from a
common ancestor.
• The adaptations that are contribute to the most success
allow that individual to survive and reproduce.
• The adaptations that are contribute to a lack of success are
not passed on since they either starve or have no “breeding
rights”.
Relationships
and Biodiversity
NYSED Lab
Review
What does this lab entail?
• Seven tests that look at the physical, chemical,
and microscopic characteristics of three plants
that may be able to create Curol, even though
they are not Botana curus (the plants that
does produce it).
• Comparison of data to determine
relationships.
• Define the crucial need for biodiversity.
Test 1 - Structural Characteristics of Plants
QUESTION:
Botana curus
Which leaves most closely
resemble the leaves
produced by Botana
curus?
Species Z
Record your observations
in the data table.
Species Y
Species X
Test 2 – Structural Characteristics of Seeds
QUESTION:
Botana curus seeds
Which seeds most
closely resemble the
seeds produced by
Botana curus?
Species X seeds
Record your
observations in the
data table.
Species Z seeds
Species Y seeds
Test 3 – Microscopic Internal Structures of
Stems
QUESTION:
Botana curus
Which stem
structures most
closely resemble
the stem
structures of
Botana curus?
Species X
Record your
observations in
the data table.
Species Y
Species Z
Test 4 – Paper Chromatography to Separate
Plant Pigments
Water migrates
up paper via
capillary action
and carries
plant pigments
with it.
B.curus
X
Y
Z
“Spot” your
chromatography paper
and label it with a pencil.
B.curus
X
Y
Z
Test 5 – Indicator Tests for Enzyme M
Botana curus
Botana curus
(“fizzed” a little)
Species X
Species X
(no “fizz”)
Species Y
Indicator
Enzyme
M
Species Y
(“fizzed” a little)
Species Z
Species Z
(“fizzed” a little)
Put two drops of each plant
Extract in separate wells of
the well tray.
Add a small
sprinkle of
“Indicator
Enzyme M”
Record your results.
Test 6 – Using Simulated Gel
Electrophoresis to Compare DNA
The strips below represent the DNA strands extracted from each plant (B.
curus, X, Y, and Z). Each strand will be “cut” between a double C/double G.
Therefore, lines are drawn below where each strip should be cut. Then,
count up the number of bases and paste appropriately in the simulated Gel
Electrophoresis table on the next slide.
Botana curus
ATTCCGGATCGATCGCCGGATATACTCCGGTAATATC
Species X
AT T G TAC C G G G AT C C G G AC G T C G C GA C TAATATAG C A
Species Y
AC C G G T C C G G G AT C G CAC C C G G TA C T C C T G TAATAT C
Species Z
A T T C C G G A T C G A T C G C C G G A T A T T C T C C G G T A A T A TC
Simulated Gel Electrophoresis
# of
Bases
Botana curus
Species X
Species Y
Species Z
24
-
23
GGACGTCGCGACTAATATAGCA
22
21
20
19
18
GGTACTCCTGTAATATC
17
16
15
14
13
12
GGATCGATCGCC
GGGATCGCACCC
GGATCGATCGCC
11
GGATATACTCC
GGATATACTCC
GGTAATATC
GGTAATATC
10
9
8
ATTGTACC
7
GGGATCC
6
5
ATTCC
GGTCC
ATTCC
4
3
2
1
ACC
+
Test 7 – Molecular Evidence for
Relationships
Botana curus
CAC
GTG
GAC
TGA
GGA
CTC
CTC
mRNA
GUG
CAC
CUG
ACU
CCU
GAG
GAG
Amino acid
Val
His
Leu
Thr
Pro
Glu
Glu
Species X
CAC
GTG
GAC
AGA
GGA
CAC
CTC
mRNA
GUG
CAC
CUG
UCU
CCU
GUG
GAG
Amino acid
Val
His
Leu
Ser
Pro
Val
Glu
Species Y
CAC
GTG
GAC
AGA
GGA
CAC
CTC
mRNA
GUG
CAC
CUG
UCU
CCU
GUG
GAG
Amino acid
Val
His
Leu
Ser
Pro
Val
Glu
Species Z
CAC
GTA
GAC
TGA
GGA
CTT
CTC
mRNA
GUG
CAC
CUG
ACU
CCU
GAA
GAG
Val
His
Leu
Thr
Pro
Glu
Glu
Amino acid
And where did you get those Amino Acids
from???
AAU
So, what is the closest and most probable alternative
source for Curol???
Test
Most similar to Botana curus?
Test 1 – Structural Characteristics of Plants
Species Z as it has the same kind of parallel
veination in the leaves.
Test 2 - Structural Characteristics of Seeds
Species Z seeds are flat and striped, much the
same as Botana curus seeds are.
Test 3 – Microscopic Internal Structure of Stems
Species Z vascular bundles closely resemble
those of Botana curus.
Test 4 – Paper Chromatography of Pigments
Species Z and Botana curus share a similar
pattern of pigmentation in paper chromatography.
Test 5 – Indicator Tests for Enzyme M
While many “fizzed”, once again Species Z and
Botana curus reacted the same.
Test 6 – Simulated Gel Electrophoresis
Identical banding pattern in both Botana curus
and Species Z.
Test 7 – Amino Acid Comparison
Species Z and Botana curus have the most
similarities.
And the winner is…..
Species Z