Transcript biodas 1 1 sel totipoten dan protein 2011

BIOLOGI DASAR 2014
BID101, 1.1.0 SKS
KELAS APOTEKER 2019
Team Teaching :
1. Mulja Hadi Santosa
2. Junaidi Khotib
3. Sudjarwo
4. Joko Agus Purwanto
dosen
mahasiswa
•BIOLOGI SEL
•MOLEKULER
•KEFARMASIAN
• PRESENTASI SKEMA DAN GAMBAR
• GUNAKAN KOMPUTER DAN AKSES INFORMASI INTERNET
• BELAJAR HAL PRINSIP DAN KONSEP MAP
• PERDALAM BACA “eBOOKS” (pdf), di tablet-PC !?
BELAJAR MENULIS ULANG PENGERTIAN ( SOAL UJIAN)
LADME
LIBERATION

SEL & OBAT
ORAL
OBAT
INTAKE
ABSORBTION
DISTRIBUTION
Disposisi
METABOLISME
EXCRETION
1
OBAT
2
SEL TARGET
3
 Urin
 Tinja
 Keringat
Jaminan :
1. Kualitas
2. Keamanan
3. Kemanfaatan
4. Akseptabel
DRUG’S SIDE OF ACTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
LUAR SEL
(CAIRAN BIOLOGIS)
MEMBRAN SEL
(RESEPTOR LUAR SEL, ENZIM, KANAL)
SITOSOL
(ENZIM)
MEMBRAN ORGANELA (ENZIM, KANAL, RESEPTOR DALAM SEL)
DALAM ORGANELA
(ENZIM)
MAKROMOLEKUL SEL (RESEPTOR DALAM SEL)
DALAM INTI SEL
(GEN )
4
5
6
TOKSIK
dosis
7
SEL TARGET
Disposisi
AKTIV
Semua buku yang relevan dengan tema/judul :
BIOLOGI SEL , BIOLOGI MOLEKULER, GENETIKA
GUNAKAN eBOOKS
LIGHT MICROSCOPE
STEREO MICROSCOPE ( 5 – 20 pembesaran )
LIGHT MICROSCOPE
CELL
CELL  TISSUE
MICROSCOPE ( 50 – 1000 pembesaran )
ELECTRONE
MICROSCOPE
Transmission EM
Scanning EM
nm
molekuler
m
seluler
mm
cm
m
SEL MAMALIA
Animal, human
eukaryon
SEL MIKROORGANISME
prokaryon
bakteriofag
virus
ILUSTRASI BAGAIMANA VIRUS HIV (AIDS)
MASUK SEL LIMFOSIT DAN BERKEMBANG BIAK,
KELUAR SEL DAN MENGINFEKSI SEL LIMFOSIT LAINNYA
ADA TIGA TARGET (OBAT) UNTUK MELAWAN AIDS
1. BLOCK BINDING
2. REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR
3. PROTEASE INHIBITOR
SEL TANAMAN
eukaryon
ada dinding sel
Totipotensi
Namun
Diferensiasi
morfologi-fungsi
sel-sel darah
TIK-1
Biologi Dasar
FAB 161/2SKS
Mulja HS
PEMBUKTIAN TOTIPOTENSI
PADA PERCOBAAN KLONING
HEWAN IDENTIK
IPTEK TRANSFER INTI SEL
SECARA IN VITRO
OVUM DI-ISOLASI
DITUMBUHKAN IN VITRO
OVUM
DITUMBUHKEMBANGKAN
NORMAL DI UTERUS IN VIVO
N
DISIAPKAN SEL LAIN
DARI INDUK (2N)
2N
N
INTI SEL DIAMBIL
ATAU DIMATIKAN
INTI SEL DIAMBIL
2N
2N
IN VIVO
INTI SEL 2 N DIMASUKKAN KE UTERUS
INDUK YANG SAMA DENGAN DONOR OVUM
OVUM DENGAN 2N DITUMBUH-KEMBANGKAN
KEMBALI PADA INDUK, MENJADI TURUNAN
(KLON) YANG IDENTIK DENGAN DONOR INTI SEL
•Turunan Indentik ?
•Bukti Totipoten !
INDUK DONOR OVUM
INDUK DONOR INTI SEL
2N
OVUM DENGAN 2N DITUMBUH-KEMBANGKAN
KEMBALI PADA INDUK, MENJADI TURUNAN
(KLON) YANG IDENTIK DENGAN DONOR INTI
2N
IN VIVO
1. Indentik dengan induk donor inti sel
INDENTIK, 100%?!
2. Rekayasa genetik pada inti sel donor
2N
3. Hewan kloning tidak ber umur panjang ?
TOTIPOTEN ???
KLONING HEWAN !
MITOSIS
G1 GROWTH
SYNTHESIS
G0: Growth
G0
SEL
HIDUP
Normal
Mampu :
Pertumbuhan
Metabolisme
Membelah
Tumor-Cancer
Celular
Solid-Colony
Apoptosis
MATI
Nekrosis
Apoptosis
Fisik
Kimia
Metabolit
SEL



HIDUP
Normal
manusia ciptaan
yang sempurna
Mutasi
REPAIR
Apoptosis
Tumor-Cancer
dari pada hidup
merusak lebih baik
bunuh diri
Hela Tumor Cell line
DNA  GEN
mRNA
protein
kolesterol
GENOMIK
TRANSKRIPTOMIK
PROTEOMIK
METABOLOMIK
THREE BASIC CATEGORIES OF CELLS MAKE UP THE
MAMMALIAN BODY:
. germ cells,
. somatic cells, and
. stem cells.
100 triliun
Each of the approximately 100,000,000,000,000 cells (1014) in an
adult human has its own copy, or copies, of the genome, with
the only exception being certain cell types that lack nuclei in
their fully differentiated state, such as RBC, PLT.
1. The majority of these cells are diploid, or have two copies of
each chromosome. These cells are called somatic cells. This
category of cells includes most of the cells that make up our
body, such as skin and muscle cells.
2. Germ line cells are any line of cells that give rise to gametes—
eggs and sperm—and are continuous through the generations.
3. Stem cells, on the other hand, have the ability to divide for
indefinite periods and to give rise to specialized cells. They are
best described in the context of normal human development.
MITOSIS DIFERENSIASI
MANUSIA DEWASA
TOTIPOTEN
PLURIPOTEN
MULTIPOTEN
ovulasi berapa kali ?
MITOSIS DIFERENSIASI
1. TOTIPOTEN
2. PLURIPOTEN
3. MULTIPOTEN
Human development begins when a sperm fertilizes an egg
and creates a single cell that has the potential to form an
entire organism, called the zygote (top panel, mauve). In the
first hours after fertilization, this cell divides into identical
cells. These cells then begin to specialize, forming a hollow
sphere of cells, called a blastocyst (second panel, purple).
The blastocyst has an outer layer of cells (yellow), and inside
this hollow sphere, there is a cluster of cells called the inner
cell mass (light blue).
The inner cell mass can give rise to the germ cells, eggs and
sperm; as well as cells derived from all three germ layers:
1. ectoderm; 2. mesoderm; and 3. endoderm),
depicted in the bottom panel, including nerve cells, muscle
cells, skin cells, blood cells, bone cells, and cartilage.
Human development begins when a sperm
fertilizes an egg and creates a single cell that
has the potential to form an entire organism. In
the first hours after fertilization, this cell divides
into identical cells.
Approximately 4 days after fertilization and after
several cycles of cell division, these cells begin
to specialize, forming a hollow sphere of cells,
called a blastocyst. The blastocyst has an outer
layer of cells, and inside this hollow sphere,
there is a cluster of cells called the inner cell
mass. The inner cell mass cells will go on to
form virtually all of the tissues of the human
body.
Although the Inner Cell Mass Cells can
form virtually every type of cell found in the
human body, they cannot form an organism.
Therefore, these cells are referred to as
pluripotent, that is, they can give rise to
many types of cells but not a whole
organism. Pluripotent stem cells undergo
further specialization into stem cells that are
committed to give rise to cells that have a
particular function. Examples include blood
stem cells that give rise to red blood cells,
white blood cells and platelets and skin stem
cells that give rise to the various types of
skin cells. These more specialized stem cells
are called Multipotent—capable of giving
rise to several kinds of cells, tissues, or
structures.
Totipotent Stem Cells
These are the most versatile of the stem cell types.
When a sperm cell and an egg cell unite, they form
a one-celled fertilized egg. This cell is totipotent,
meaning it has the potential to give rise to any and
all human cells, such as brain, liver, blood or heart
cells. It can even give rise to an entire functional
organism. The first few cell divisions in embryonic
development produce more totipotent cells. After
four days of embryonic cell division, the cells begin
to specialize into pluripotent stem cells
Pluripotent Stem Cells
These cells are like totipotent stem cells in that they can
give rise to all tissue types. Unlike totipotent stem cells,
however, they cannot give rise to an entire organism.
On the fourth day of development, the embryo forms into
two layers, an an outer layer which will become the
placenta, and an inner mass which will form the tissues of
the developing human body. These inner cells, though
they can form nearly any human tissue, cannot do so
without the outer layer; so are not totipotent, but
pluripotent. As these pluripotent stem cells continue to
divide, they begin to specialize further
Multipotent Stem Cells
These are less plastic and more differentiated stem
cells. They give rise to a limited range of cells
within a tissue type. The offspring of the
pluripotent cells become the progenitors of such cell
lines as blood cells, skin cells and nerve cells. At
this stage, they are multipotent. They can become
one of several types of cells within a given
organ. For example, multipotent blood stem cells
can develop into red blood cells, white blood cells or
platelets
Adult Stem Cells
An adult stem cell is a multipotent stem cell in
adult humans that is used to replace cells that
have died or lost function. It is an undifferentiated
cell present in differentiated tissue. It renews itself
and can specialize to yield all cell types present
in the tissue from which it originated. So far,
adult stem cells have been identified for many
different tissue types such as hematopoetic (blood),
neural, endothelial, muscle, mesenchymal,
gastrointestinal, and epidermal cells
meiosis
Mitosis dan
diferensiasi
While there are 220 different
types of cells in the human body
• IMPLANTASI SEL
• TERAPI GEN
PENELITIAN KEFARMASIAN ( TERAPI & PENGUJIAN OBAT )
SUSUNAN KIMIA SEL
Mikromolekul &
makromolekul !!!
Biosintesis
Biotrasformasi
Reaksi Enzimatik
oleic acid
stearic acid
OO O
O
O
O
palmitic acid
GLISEROL
Phospholipids
Cholesterol and steroids
Asam amino
IKATAN PEPTIDA ANTARA 2 ASAM AMINO
STRUKTUR PROTEIN
1
primer
2
sekunder
3
tersier
STRUKTUR 3 DIMENSI
ADA RUANG / TONJOLAN
STRUKTUR DINAMIS
PROTEIN STRUKTUR
4
kuarterner
PROTEIN FUNGSI
•RESEPTOR
•ENZIM
•HORMON
•PROTEIN FAKTOR
•PROTEIN MEDIATOR
•DLL
DNA - RNA
REPLIKASI - DNA
LANJUTAN PEMBELAJARAN :  “ ORGANELA SEL “
ADA 3 JENIS
MAHASISWA
( POTENSI / BAKAT)
YANG CERDAS
YANG RAJIN
YANG PINTAR
BERGAUL
ADA 3 JENIS
ALUMNI
KALAU
KONSISTEN
MAKA,
DALAM UJIAN
HASILNYA
AKAN SAMA,
DAPAT
NILAI “A”
JADI PENELITI,
PENEMU IDE
JADI PEKERJA,
PELAKSANA
JADI MANAGER,
LEADER, BOSS
MAKA :
1. Kalau tidak cerdas dan rajin, harus pintar bergaul
2. Kalau tidak cerdas dan pintar bergaul, maka harus rajin
3. MAHASISWA HARUS MENGENAL DIRINYA TERMASUK JENIS MANA
4. INDONESIA BUTUH YANG CERDAS, RAJIN DAN PINTAR BERGAUL
SISTEM PENDIDIKAN
TIDAK MEMBEDAKAN
SNMPTN DAN PMDK
STANDAR SISTEM :
= KURIKULUM
= KO-KURIKULUM
= EKSTRA-KURIKULUM
= NON-KURIKULUM
LULUSAN YANG
UNGGUL DAN
KOMPETITIP
STANDAR PROSES:
DOSEN PENGAJAR =
BAHAN AJAR =
SARANA-FASILITAS =
MOTIVASI
DIRI
MAHASISWA
SNMPTN
PMDK
DREAMS  GOAL
CONTOH MOTIVASI PRIBADI :
1. Orang tua saya hanya pendidikan SMU, maka saya akan giat belajar
menjadi sarjana farmasi , Apoteker
2. Keluarga saya kondisi ekonomi pas-pas-an, maka saya harus
konsentrasi belajar agar nanti jadi Apoteker yang kaya.
3. Saya sebagai saudara tertua harus menjadi contoh untuk adik-adik,
maka saya akan giat belajar dan nanti jadi apoteker dapat membantu
mereka agar lebih sukses dari saya.
4. Orang tua saya sudah membiaya saya Jutaan Rupiah, jadi saya harus
cepat lulus dan nantinya bekerja cari uang yang banyak
5. Saya harus belajar giat berprestasi agar dapat membantu sesama
mahasiswa, dapat teman banyak, bekal cita-cita jadi pemimpin
6. Bangsa Indonesia membutuhkan saya untuk menjadi Apoteker yang
dapat membantu pembangunan kesehatan di Indonesia
7. Kalau saya menjadi Apoteker yang unggul maka saya akan dapat
beribadah dan beramal sholeh lebih baik dan banyak.
YANG PENTING, MAHASISWA HARUS PUNYA
MOTIVASI DIRI sebagai “ INNER DRIVER “
CIRI SEORANG APOTEKER :
1. TERLATIH BEKERJA TELITI DAN BENAR
2. TERLATIH UNTUK JUJUR DAN DIPERCAYA
3. MEMILIKI KETRAMPILAN KHUSUS MERACIK OBAT
4. MENJAMIN KUALITAS-KEAMANAN-MANFAAT OBAT
5. MEMAHAMI ASPEK KIMIA DARI OBAT
6. BERFIKIR MULTI DISIPLIN-DIMENSIONAL
7. MEMBERIKAN INFORMASI YANG YAKIN BENAR
8. MEMANDU PENGGUNAAN YANG BENAR DAN BAIK
9. PANDAI BERBICARA DAN BERKOMUNIKASI
10. MENGAMBIL KEPUTUSAN YANG SEDIKIT RESIKO
11. MENGABDI UNTUK MASYARAKAT - KEMANUSIAAN
PENDERITA DAPAT
mahasiswa FF harus tahu :
1. TIDAK SEMBUH
2. LEBIH SAKIT
KESALAHAN MEMBERI OBAT
3. KERACUNAN
4. ATAU MATI