Transcript Chapter 18: Classification

Grouping bags that carry your books
1.
2.
3.
4.
Determine a common name for all the bags that
carry your books
Divide your bags into 2 – 3 groups based on a
common characteristic for each group
Divide each group from #2 into 2-3 groups
depending on their common characteristics &
move them
Continue to do this 4 more times, getting more
specific each time.
5.
Once you get to an end point where you can no
longer divide them up, start giving them two part
names (Purpleus bistrapus)
Taxonomy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Determine
Kingdom a common name for all the bags that
carry your books
Divide
your bags into 2 – 3 groups based on a
Phylum
common characteristic for each group
Class each group from #2 into 2-3 groups
Divide
depending on their common characteristics &
move them
Continue
to do this 4 more times, getting more
Order
specific
Family each time.
Once
you
get to annames
end point where you can no
Genus
& species
longer divide them up, start giving them two part
names (Purpleus bistrapus)
Chapter 18:
Classification
You are required to put on clothes each day
before coming to school.
How do you go about this in the most efficient
manner to get you out of the house on time for
school each day?
• There are 1.9 million different identified
species (alive and extinct)
• How can we keep all these organisms
in order?
• Classification
– is the method of logically grouping
organisms based on some common
characteristics
• Taxonomy
– does the actual grouping into the groups
called TAXON (p – TAXA) with some kind
of biological significance.
– Ie. Things that fly, swim, walk, have
feathers, etc.
How many different terms can you think of for trying to
tell someone something is really good?
Do these terms have meanings that may confuse
someone else?
• There is a need for a common term to
describe an individual organism so that
all people understand when the term is
used.
• Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne - mid
1700’s) came up with the system of
Binomial Nomenclature.
– Every species has the same scientific
name regardless of native language
Carolus Linnaeus
• He assigned two Latin names to each
different species of organisms.
• This is their Scientific name.
• Homo sapiens (human) Homo sapiens
Ursus maritimus (polar bear) Ursus maritimus
Acer rubrum (red maple)
Ursus arctos (grizzly bear)
Cur Latin?
• Scientific names will always be in Latin.
• Latin is a dead language that will not
evolve unlike other languages.
• Little chance of change through time.
• Universally understood in the science
community
The Taxonomic order:
• From the largest, most inclusive group to the
smallest, most exclusive, specific taxa.
Taxa
Human
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primate
Hominoidae
Homo
sapiens
Grizzly
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Ursidae
Ursus
arctos
Chimp
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primate
Hominoidae
Pan
troglodyte
Which two organisms are more closely related and why?
• Modern methods of classification rely
on evolutionary relationships
(phylogenies) in place of homologous
structures.
– Birds, bats and insects should not be
classified together because they all have
wings and fly.
• Evolutionary classification classifies
organisms in taxa based on lines of common
descent, not physical similarities
– Uses proteins, DNA and genes to determine
classification and relatedness
• Human Genome project that decoded our
DNA helped to show evolutionary
relationships with other species, even totally
unrelated species. Think back to your Amino
Acid lab
– The more closely related organisms are, the more
Amino acids they will have in common and the
more recently they evolved from some kind of
common ancestry.
Kingdoms and Domains
• 1700’s – Plants and Animals only
• 1800’s – Protists, Plants and Animals
• 1950’s – 5 Kingdom system, including
Fungus and Monera
• Now – 6 Kingdoms divided into 3
Domains
Domains:
1. Bacteria – Unicellular, prokaryotic (no
nuclear membrane) with cell walls made up
of peptidoglycan.
–
Kingdoms: Eubacteria – true bacteria. “Normal “
bacteria
2. Archaea – Unicellular, prokaryotic but do not
have cell walls containing peptidoglycan.
These are primitive organisms that could
withstand very harsh environments and a
lack of oxygen.
–
Kingdom: Archaebacteria – methanogens in the
digestive tract of animals and halophiles that live
in the Dead Sea.
3.
Eukarya – Eukaryotic organisms. May be uni or multi
cellular. All have nuclear membranes
– Kingdom: Protista – basically unicellular. Have
plant-like, animal – like or fungus- like
representatives.
•
***Most difficult kingdom to classify. No clear cut
boundaries.
Ie.Amoeba, paramecium, slime mold, Volvox
–
–
–
Kingdom Fungi – Absorptive heterotrophs,
basically multicellular organisms with cell walls
made up of chitin. Ie. Yeast, mushroom, molds
Kingdom Plantae – Multicellular, photosynthetic
organisms. All are autotrophic. Nonmotile with cell
walls containing cellulose. Ie. Mosses, ferns,
conifers, flowering plants and some algae.
Kingdom Animalia – Multicellular, ingestive
heterotrophs. All lack cell walls. Motile for some
time in their life cycle. Ie. Sponges, jelly fish,
worms, insects, octopus, fish, birds, amphibians
reptiles, you
The New and Improved Six Kingdom System
Kingdom
Cell Type
# of Cells
Nutrition
Representative
organism
Archaebacteria
Domain Archaea
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Autotrophic or
Heterotrophic
Blue-green bacteria,
Methanogens
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Autotrophic or
Heterotrophic
E.coli, Staphylococcus,
Streptococcus,
Spirochetes
Protista
Eukaryotic
Uni, multi or
colonial
Autotrophic or
Heterotrophic
Amoeba, Paramecium,
Euglena,
Plasmodium,
Diatoms
Fungi
Eukaryotic
Absorptive
Heterotroph
Yeast, Mushrooms,
Molds, smuts,
rusts
Eubacteria
Domain Bacteria
Plantae
Animalia
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Uni or
Multicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
Autotrophic
(some
heterotrophic)
Ingestive
Heterotroph
Mosses, ferns,
Horsetails,
Conifers,
Flowering plants
Sponges, Coral, Sea
stars, EW, Insects,
Fish, Amphibians,
Reptiles, Birds,
Mammals
Dichotomous Key
Is a method for determining the identity of
something by going through a series of
choices that leads the user to the correct
name of the organism.
Dichotomous means "divided in two parts".
At each step of the process of using the key,
the user is given two choices; each
alternative leads to another question until
the item is identified
1a. Wings covered by an exoskeleton…..... Go to 2
b. Wings not covered by an exoskeleton …Go to 3
2a.
b.
Body has a round shape………….......Ladybug
Body has an elongated shape.......Grasshopper
3a.
b.
Wings fold against body......................Housefly
Wings point out from sides……..…….Dragonfly
1
2
3
5
7
4
6
8
9
10
Why
Classify?
The System
How many
species have
been identified?
Modern system of
classfication was
developed by this
man
The science of
classfication
2 part name for all
organisms
Who came up
with the first
classfication
system?
Language of
classfication
How the above
classified living
things?
Why the above is
used in
classification
Why do we
classify living
things?
Order of taxa
Name the 3
domains
Most inclusive
taxon and most
exclusive taxon
Us
Guess the
Kingdom by
cell wall
More of
Guessing the
Kingdom
Pot Pourri
Our Kingdom
All members have
a cell wall made up
of peptidoglycan
Eukaryotic,
basically
unicellular
members
Least defined
kingdom
Phylum
Cell walls made up
of chitin
Eukaryotic but
multicellular and
can
photosythesisize
Proper way to
write a scientific
name
Class
All members have
cell walls made up
of cellulose
Prokaryotic,
unicellular that
may cause us to
become ill
What is used to
classify an
organism
Order
No cell walls at all
Prokaryotic,
unicellular and
can tolerate really
harsh conditions
Tool used to help
identify unfamiliar
organisms
Family
Some members have
cell walls of cellulose,
others have no cell
walls while some have
chitin cell walls
All but one are
multicellular
eukaryotes that
are absorptive
heterotrophs
What the above
uses to help
identify an
organism
Genus & species
Have a cell wall
but not containing
peptidoglycan and
no nucleus
Multicellular,
eukaryotic,
ingestive
heterotrophs
Our domain
Why
Classify?
The System
1.5 Million to date
Carolus Linnaeus
Taxonomy
Binomial
nomenclature
Us
Animalia
Chordata
Guess the
Kingdom by
cell wall
Eubacteria
Fungus
More of
Guessing the
Kingdom
Pot Pourri
Protista
Protista has plantlike, animal-like
and fungus-like
characteristics
Plantae
Homo sapiens
or
Homo sapiens
Aristotle
Latin
Mammalia
Plantae
Eubacteria
Comparative
biochemistry,
morphology,
evolutionary
trends
Land, sea or air
Dead language
that will not
change or evolve.
Words stay the
same
Primate
Animalia
Archaebacteria
Dichotomous key
To put order to all
living things and
to help identify
them
Domain,
Kingdom,
Phylum, Class,
Order, Family,
Genus & species
Hominoidaea
Protista
Fungus
Paired statements
Archaea. Bacteria,
Eukarya
Domain then
Kingdom
species
Homo sapiens
Archaebacteria
Animalia
Eukarya