Transcript Probation and Parole

Estimating the Size of the Correctional Population and Substance Abuse Needs
Using the National Criminal Justice Treatment Practices (NCJTP) Survey
Matthew L. Perdoni, M.S., Faye S. Taxman, Ph.D., Douglas W. Young, M.S.
Under the Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS)
cooperative, the National Criminal Justice Treatment Practices Survey
was administered from 2004 to 2005. It is the first national survey on
service delivery across the landscape of correctional settings.
Changes in Correctional Populations
Jails: Census conducted every five years (beginning in 1970).
Probation and Parole: Periodic census (beginning in 1979) of probation and
parole agencies, with information provided by federal, state, and local agencies.
*BJS surveys are setting-specific
YearParole
Prison
20
04
20
02
20
00
19
98
Juveniles
Other Adult
• A “hidden” population of offenders that are not in standard legal
statuses exists--statuses such as pretrial supervision, diversion,
alternatives-to-incarceration, etc.
• Includes the size of the juvenile justice population
Estimated
Population from NCJTPS
Other Survey
Estimates
1,233,867
1,244,867
Jails (adults)
745,766
713,990
Parole (adults)
908,477
675,534
Prison (adults)
Stage 1: 72 representative counties selected using a 8x3 scheme: Region
(South, West, Midwest, Northeast & the four states with the largest
correctional populations) by size of population (<250,000, 250,000-750,000,
and >750,000)
Probation (adults)
3,949,089
4,122,779
Other supervision (adults)
1,006,586
n/a
Residential facilities (juvenile)
57,355
58,818
Stage 2: Census of all adult and juvenile criminal justice agencies and the
five largest treatment programs in the jurisdiction
Local juv jails/detention centers
39,590
n/a
542,349
n/a
20,620
n/a
Probation/parole (juvenile)
Other supervision (juveniles)
(1973-Present) Beginning in Minnesota, 38 states have
passed acts that create partnerships between the state and
counties to provide supervision and sanctioning of offenders,
to fund existing community programs, and to aid in the
development of alternatives to prison incarceration.
Treatment Accountability for Safer
Communities (TASC) (1972-Present) Initially
funded under the Drug Abuse Treatment Act and currently maintained
by state and local governments, TASC programs link public health and
criminal justice systems. These programs tend to offer screening and
assessment services, as well as some treatment services.
Estimated % Offenders in Appropriate Levels of Care
Offender Population Estimates
Prison: Using the BJS frame, PPS methods were used to select a
representative sample of prisons (region by population size) and specialized
drug and alcohol facilities were sampled with certainty
Community Corrections Acts
• An estimate of the size of the correctional population assists in
identifying the services needed to address health and safety risk
factors
• Alternatives to incarceration may have the unintended consequence of
increasing the number of offenders under correctional control rather
than diverting them from prison/jail
• Involvement in the correctional system may increase the number of
offenders recycled through the system due to problems of
noncompliance with program requirements (i.e. technical violations)
• Tools to recognize and treat complex offenders needs are infrequently
used
• A wide gap exists between the services that offenders need and what
they receive (see below)
• Includes the fluidity of legal status--some incarceration facilities offer
programs in the community and some community agencies offer “halfback” or semi-incarcerated programs
NCJTP Survey Methods
Jails and Community Corrections: Since no complete inventory of
correctional agencies is available, a two-staged stratified clustering strategy
was used:
19
96
Jail
19
94
Probation
19
92
19
90
*Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005 adjusted
with estimates from Taxman, et al, 2007.
19
88
Prisons: The Bureau of Justice Statistics (U.S. Department of Justice, BJS)
conducts a yearly census (beginning in 1974) of prisons. Specialized studies
are conducted using a stratified sample of facilities based on region (South,
West, Midwest, Northeast) and size of the correctional population.
19
86
Traditional Survey Techniques
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84
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Implications
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In Millions
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What is the size and scope of the correctional population?
What is the prevalence of health care, substance abuse treatment, and other
services in correctional settings?
How accessible are these services?
Do substance abuse treatment programs for drug-involved offenders use
evidence-based practices and treatments?
What organizational and individual-level factors impact the use of evidencebased practices?
• The timeline shown below illustrates major initiatives to link offenders to
programs/services over the last 3 decades
• Major initiatives to provide treatment services tend to focus on 1st and
2nd time offenders who are eligible for programs that fall between
probation and incarceration statuses
• Potential “net widening” effect
• Changes in management of offenders are not systematic: 55% of
sampled jurisdictions did not have hidden correctional populations
8+ Million Adults, 650,000 Juveniles
Topics Explored by NCJTP

www.cjdats.org
Boot Camp (1983- 1997) Funded through
demonstration and block grants, boot camps offer short
term programs modeled after military activities. The
camps may include treatment and educational
programming.
Level of Service Provided
Educational/Low Intensive
Moderate
Intensive
% Offenders Receiving
Adequate Treatment Services
Prison Community Jail
13.6%
13.5%
31.5%
27.0
3.8
12.4
11.2
1.3
4.7
16.1
5.0
13.6
Total
15.3%
8.6
3.1
7.6
Limitations of NCJTPS
• Survey is cross-sectional; another wave is recommended
• Great variation exists across counties and states in how
correctional populations are managed (and by whom)
Correctional Options (1988-1995)
With funding from federal demonstration or Byrne
grants, these programs provided treatment and services
to offenders via community-based incarceration,
weekend sentences, and electronic monitoring.
RSAT(1996-Present) Block grant funding
provides 6-12 month substance abuse treatment
programs and aftercare services for offenders in
correctional facilities. RSAT programs have
promoted the use of Therapeutic Communities.
Drug Courts (1989-Present) Federal grants and
Diversionary Treatment (1996-
local funding support special courts designed to provide
treatment within a context overseen by a sentencing judge.
These courts are characterized by treatment, testing, and
sanctions.
Present) State initiatives, such as California's Prop 36,
replace incarceration with mandatory treatment for 1st
and 2nd time or nonviolent offenders. Such initiatives
are currently in place in 18 states.