Transcript Substance Use Effects

Substance Use Effects
By
Sarah Morris
Carolina Robles
Lori Sanchez
Basic Concepts
● Drug use: ingestion of any drug
● Drug abuse: use of a chemical substance to the point of impairing the
user’s well-being
● Drug addiction: behavior pattern characterized by overwhelming
involvement despite adverse consequences
● Dependence: state in which body and mind have adjusted to repeated
use of a drug and requires its presence to maintain normal functioning
● Withdrawal: unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms when
drug use abruptly ceases
Biomedical Model of Addiction
● Physical dependence is a chronic brain disease caused
by biological effects of psychoactive drugs
● Withdrawal Relief Hypothesis
o Drug use serves to restore abnormally low levels of
neurotransmitters
● Opiate Model
o opiates trigger dependence by suppressing the
brain’s natural production of endorphins
Drawbacks of Biomedical Model
● Many unanswered questions
● Ignores other dimensions of addiction
● Stigmatization and discrimination of addicts
More Than Just A Disease
“Addiction is not just a brain disease. It is a
brain disease for which the social contexts in
which it has both developed and is expressed
are critically important.”
--Leshner
Reward Models of Addiction
● Addictions stem from a genetic reward deficiency
syndrome in which the brain’s reward circuitry
malfunctions and leads to powerful cravings
● Evidence
o James Olds and Peter Milner (1954) experiment
o Drugs increase availability of dopamine
o Gateway Hypothesis
Drawbacks of Reward Models
● Doesn’t answer what causes addiction
● Common Liability Model
o environmental factors may have a stronger influence
on subsequent illicit drug use
o Van Leeuwen, et al. (2011) study
● Unable to explain why drug use continues despite side
effects
o Incentive-Sensitization Theory
o Lambert, McLeod, & Schenk (2006) study
Social Learning Model
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Media
Self-identity
Social Control Theory
Peer Cluster Theory
Which model best explains
drug addiction?
Alcohol Basics:
● Alcohol is a depressant, it slows down functioning of the
central nervous system.
● Drinking at a fast pace results in intoxication because a
larger amount remains in the bloodstream.
● The amount of alcohol in your blood is your blood
alcohol level (BAL).
● Women metabolize alcohol slower than men.
Alcohol: Short-term Effects
Blood Alcohol Levels:
● .01-.05-drinker feels relaxed; mildly euphoric
● .10-memory and concentration are dulled; motor functioning and reaction
time impaired.
● .10-.15-walking and fine motor skills become difficult.
● .20-.25-vision becomes blurry, speech is slurred, almost impossible to walk
without staggering; may lose consciousness.
● .35 or more-death can occur.
Binge Drinking
● Having 5 or more drinks for males, and 4 or
more drinks for females in one occasion.
Why is this a major public health concern?
Alcohol and the Brain
● Alcohol has major effects on the hippocampus, the part
of the brain associated with learning memory,
emotional regulation, sensory processing, appetite, and
stress.
● Alcohol abuse can cause adverse reactions during
withdrawal, due to biochemical changes in the brain
brought on by heavy, long-term use of alcohol.
● Alcohol can have long lasting consequences on the brain
(causing brain to shrink).
Long-term effects on the brain
Alcohol & the Immune & Endocrine
System
● Chronic alcohol abuse weakens the immune system,
damages cellular DNA, and interferes with normal
endocrine development.
● In men, alcohol abuse is linked to decreased fertility.
● in women, abuse can decrease estrogen levels, and
increases chance of breast cancer.
● Can also cause liver disease.
Alcohol and the Cardiovascular system
Can cause:
● Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
● Cardiovascular disease
● Atherosclerotic lesions in coronary arteries.
Both men and women who abuse alcohol, are more likely to
suffer a fatal heart attack before age 55.
Psychosocial consequences
● Behavioral dissemination
● Alcohol myopia
● Variety of other social problems;
interpersonal relationships
Low-risk drinking levels
● Does anyone know the single day and weekly
drinking limits for men?
● What about for women?
Based on your health and how alcohol affects
you, you may need to drink less, or not at all.
Prevalence of drinking
● Varies by age, gender, educational level, ethnicity, and
culture.
● 30-50 % of drinkers have major depressive disorders
● 33% have coexisting anxiety disorder
● 14% have antisocial personalities
● 36% are also addicted to other drugs.
Standard drink
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12 fluid ounces of beer
(about 5% alcohol)
5 fluid ounces of table
wine (about 12% alcohol)
1.5 fluid ounces of hard
liquor (about 40%
alcohol)
What is Tobacco Abuse?
● Tobacco includes cigarettes, cigar, pipe, chewing
tobacco
● Tobacco Abuse is when the person who is already
addicted to the tobacco. He or she tries to quit and
he/she may experience the withdrawal symptoms such
as irritability, increased appetite, sleep disturbance,
anxiety and the the cravings for tobacco.
What are physical effects of smoking?
● Causes illness, aging, disability, premature death
● In the worldwide, more than 5 million deaths per year
● Leads to higher rates of incidence cases of bronchitis,
emphysema, respiratory infections
● More than 20% of lung cancer in women than men
SIDE EFFECTS OF
SMOKING
Why do people smoke?
● All Tobaccos Including cigarettes, Cigar,
pipe, and chewing tobacco has Nicotine in it
● Nicotine is very addictive!
● It is a stimulant drug
How does the smoking affect the Brain?
● Increases
o
o
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Heart Rate
Respiration
Blood Pressure
● Releases the hormone and creates pleasure
and energy
How does the smoking affect my
Cardiovascular system?
● Smoking harms your blood cells
● Damages the heart function
● Changes your blood chemistry
Cigarettes Brands
● Does anyone know four main popular
brands of cigarettes?
● How many cigarettes in a pack?
Healthy Lung vs Smoker Lung
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndFUQCWvads
References
Cigarettes and other Tobacco Products. (2014, December). Retrieved from National Institute on Drug Abuse:
http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/cigarettes-other-tobacco-products
Lambert, N. M., McLeod, M., & Schenk, S. (2006). Subjective response to initial experience with cocaine: An
exploration of the incentive-sensitization theory of drug abuse. Addiction, 101, 713-725.
Nicotine Addiction and Your Health. (n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2015, from BeTobaccoFree.gov:
http://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/nicotine-health/index.html
Straub, R. O. (2012). Health Psychology: A biopsychosocial approach (4th ed.). New York, NY:Worth Publishers.
Tyler, M. (2014, July 3). Addiction: Tobacco & Nicotine. Retrieved March 1, 2015, from Healthline:
http://www.healthline.com/health/addiction/tobacco#Overview1
Van Leeuwen, A. P., Verhulst, F. C., Reijneveld, S. A., Vollebergh, W. A. M., Ormel, J., & Huizink, A. C. (2011). Can the
gateway hypothesis, the common liability model and/or, the route of administration model predict initiation of
cannabis use during adolescence? A survival analysis--The TRAILS study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48, 73-78.
Beyond Hangovers. (2010). National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Retrieved March 3, 2015, from
http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Hangovers/beyondHangovers.pdf
Fife, Bruce. (2013). What is liquid coconut oil? Healthy Ways Newsletter. Retrieved on March 7, 2015 from
http://www.coconutresearchcenter.org/hwnl_10-2/hwnl_10-2.htm