Transcript Pharmacy Services - Dr. Yaseen Hayajneh.

Pharmacy
Services
Dr. Yaseen Hayajneh
Pharmacy
 The art and science of preparing, compounding, stabilizing,
preserving and dispensing medications and the provision of
drug and related information.
 Also a place where drugs are stored, compounded and
dispensed.
 A Pharmacist is a health care professional who
 Compounds and dispenses medications and other
pharmaceutical supplies, using standard physical and
chemical procedures to fill written prescriptions issued by
physicians.
 Maintains records on all unit dose for each nursing unit and
also IV additive program.
 Maintains inventory of supplies.
 A graduate from accredited school of pharmacy and licensed
in the state of practice.
Dr. Yaseen Hayajneh
Responsibilities of Pharmacists
 Compounding drugs
 Dispensing drugs
 Medication profile review
 Patient education
 Provider of drug information
 Clinical pharmacy
 Pharmaceutical care
 Patient care provider
Dr. Yaseen Hayajneh
Compounding Drugs
 Pharmacists compounded drugs used to treat
patients in the 1940s and 50s.
 Then pharmaceutical manufacturers began to
take over this role.
 Hospital pharmacists assumed responsibility
for compounding parenteral admixtures in the
1960s and 70s.
 Today more pharmacists are compounding
specialty products that are not commercially
available and more compounding is predicted
in the future.
Dr. Yaseen Hayajneh
Dispensing Drugs
 In the 1960s hospital pharmacists implemented unit-
dose drug distribution systems to reduce medication
dispensing and administration errors.
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In unit dose system medication distribution, medications are
contained in single unit packages; they are dispensed in as
ready-to-administer form as possible; and for most
medications, not more than a 24-hour supply of doses is
delivered to or available at the patient-care area at any time.
 Most hospitals and long term care facilities now use a
unit-dose system.
 In the 80s automated dispensing devices became
available for use in hospital and community settings.
Dr. Yaseen Hayajneh
Dispensing Drugs –
Automation
 Automation:
Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary
Automatically controlled operation of an apparatus, process,
or system by mechanical or electronic devices that take the
place of human organs of observation, effort, or decision.
 Pharmacy Automation
 a collection of apparatus, process, and systems (mechanical
and/or electronic) to enhance drug distribution and clinical
drug therapy management.
 Robots:
 Automated mechanical equipment specifically
designed to fill medication vials with tablets or
capsules, apply a lid to the vial, and place
a prescription label on the vial.
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Dr. Yaseen Hayajneh
Dispensing Drugs –
Automation Benefits
 Automation of the dispensing process offers the potential for improved
service delivery in four key areas:
 Efficiency.
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Safety
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According to the US National Academy of Science, > 78% of
dispensing errors could be avoided by the use of automated
dispensing systems.
Stock management.
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Faster speed of operation than humans
Staff can then be utilized in more patient-centered activities
Improve stock rotation
Improve overall stock control
Environment.
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Less space requirements
Less staff movements
Dr. Yaseen Hayajneh
Medication Profile Review
 In the 1970s pharmacists began maintaining
medication profiles to review patient
medications for drug related problems.
 Computerized systems for automatically
reviewing prescriptions for allergies, drug
interactions, appropriateness of the dosage,
and other common drug related problems
have since evolved.
Dr. Yaseen Hayajneh
Patient Education
 In the 1980s most states required
pharmacists to provide patient medication
counseling to outpatients on new
prescriptions.
 Verbal, written and computerized printed
education materials to supplement verbal
patient counseling has since evolved.
Dr. Yaseen Hayajneh
Provider of Drug Information
 In the 1960s drug information centers were
created in hospitals to provide drug
information to physicians and other health
care providers.
 The role of pharmacists as drug information
providers led to decentralization of
pharmacists to provide drug information.
Dr. Yaseen Hayajneh
Clinical Pharmacy
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In the 70s and 80s most hospitals began to develop clinical
pharmacy services.
• Pharmacists were decentralized to patient care units to provide
clinical services.
• Ambulatory clinical services also began in clinics and a few
community pharmacies.
 Early Clinical Pharmacy
 Patient focused, drug focused, interdisciplinary, and data
driven
 Provider of drug information to patients and health
professionals
 Individualizing doses: clinical pharmacokinetics
 Monitoring drug therapy: Order review and feedback
 Nutritional support
Dr. Yaseen Hayajneh
Pharmaceutical Care
 A fairly new concept in providing health care; 1990s - these
terms became very popular
 Involves direct involvement of the pharmacist in the design,
implementation, and monitoring of a therapeutic drug plan to
produce a specific therapeutic outcome.
 A strategy that attempts to utilize drug therapy more
efficiently to achieve definite outcomes that improve a
patient’s quality of life.
 Requires a reorientation of physicians, pharmacists, and
nurses toward effective drug therapy outcomes.
 It is a set of relationships and decisions through which
pharmacists, physicians, nurses, and patients work together
to design, implement, and monitor a therapeutic plan that will
produce specific therapeutic outcomes.
Dr. Yaseen Hayajneh
Community Pharmacy Practice
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Community pharmacists
• counsel patients,
• answer questions about prescription and over-the-counter
drugs, such as possible adverse reactions and interactions,
and
• give patients health care advice.
• They also give advice about durable medical equipment,
home care and preventive care.
Some community pharmacists offer disease management
services for conditions such as diabetes, asthma, hypertension,
etc.
Some community pharmacists offer preventive health programs:
smoking cessation, immunizations, screening for lipid disorders,
etc.
Dr. Yaseen Hayajneh
Hospital Pharmacy Practice
• Unit-dose and parenteral admixture programs
• Clinical services.
• Computerized drug distribution systems and
use some automated dispensing devices.
• Some hospitals have comprehensive
inpatient pharmaceutical care programs.
• Few hospitals have extensive ambulatory
pharmaceutical care programs.
Dr. Yaseen Hayajneh
Pharmacy Trends
 Increased emphasis on patient care services as well
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as drug distribution
Increased emphasis on continuity of care (homeoffice practice-hospital-long term care, etc.)
Increased emphasis on preventive care (use of
OTCs, alternative medicines, self-diagnostic kits, diet,
screening procedures, immunizations, etc.)
Increased use of automation for pharmacy
dispensing
Increased use of information technology
Dr. Yaseen Hayajneh