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Figure 7.1 Thermodynamic representation of the change in enthalpy as a
material crystallizes from a liquid to form a solid phase (reproduced from
Glicksman (2011), with kind permission from Springer Science+Business
Media B.V.).
Figure 7.2 The 14 distinct Bravais
lattices.
Figure 7.3 The six basic habits described in the USP.
Figure 7.4 Thermodynamic representation of the formation of
polymorphs.
Figure 7.5 Schematic representation of the change in free energy
with temperature for two monotropic polymorphs.
Figure 7.6 Schematic representation of the change in free energy with
temperature for two enantiotropic polymorphs.
Figure 7.7 Schematic representation of polymorphic forms of a
drug (top left and right) as well as a monohydrate or solvate
(bottom left) and a co-crystal (bottom right).
Figure 7.8 Blood plasma concentrations versus time for two polymorphs of
chloramphenicol palmitate (redrawn from Aguiar et al. (1967), with
permission from John Wiley & Sons, Inc.).
Figure 7.9 Overview of crystalline forms.
Figure 7.10 DSC thermal traces showing the melting of paracetamol form I
(initial heat), quench cooling to form a glass (cool) and crystallisation to and
melting of the metastable form II (second heat) (data courtesy of Asma
Buanz).
Figure 7.11 XRPD diffractograms for two polymorphs of sulphapyridine
(data courtesy of Asma Buanz)
Figure 7.12 Schematic DSC thermal trace showing melt of the stable
form of a polymorph.
Figure 7.13 Schematic representation of the DSC thermal traces for
a metastable polymorph on its first (top) and second (bottom)
heating runs.
Figure 7.14 DSC thermal trace for an enantiotropically related pair of
sulphathiazole polymorphs (top, courtesy of Asma Buanz) and a series
of monotropically related premafloxacin polymorphs (bottom, redrawn
from Schinzer et al. (1997)).
Figure 7.15 Schematic representation of the DSC thermal traces for a
metastable polymorph at slow (top) and fast (bottom) heating rates.
Figure 7.16 Schematic representation of the theoretical
position of the crystallisation exotherm when a very fast
heating rate is used.
Figure 7.17 Determination of the minimum heating rate required to inhibit a
kinetic event.
Figure 7.18 Schematic DSC thermal traces for an irreversible hydrate (top)
and a reversible hydrate (bottom).
Figure 7.19 DSC and TGA thermal
traces for a metastable polymorph
(top) and an irreversible
hydrate (bottom).