Transcript Drugs

Chapter 9: Drugs
• Narcotics, Depressants, Stimulants,
Hallucinogens, oh my!!!!
Vocabulary
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Anabolic steroids
Analgesic
Confirmation
Depressant
Drug
Hallucinogen
Microcrystalline test
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Narcotic
Physical
Dependence
Psychological
Dependence
Screening tests
Stimulant
What is a DRUG ????
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A drug can be defined as a natural or
synthetic substance that is used to
produce physiological or psychological
effects in humans or other higher
order animals.
Why do people take
drugs?
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Necessity for sustaining and
prolonging life
Provide an escape from the pressures
of life
A means of ending life
Why study drugs in
forensics?
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90 million Americans drink alcohol regularly
with 10 million hopelessly addicted
Today, approximately 23 million people in
the US are users of illicit drugs.
½ million heroin addicts and nearly 6 million
users of cocaine
75% of evidence now being evaluated in
crime labs is drug related.
Drug Dependence
Psychological vs. Physical
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Psychological dependence –
the conditioned use of a drug
caused by underlying
emotional needs
Drug Dependence
Psychological vs. Physical
Physical dependence –
physiological need for a drug that
has been brought about by regular
use. Characterized by ‘withdrawal
sickness’
Withdrawal sickness or
abstinence syndrome
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Refer to page 235 in your text book
Table 9-1 categorizes some of the
more commonly abused drugs
according to their effect on the body.
See page 236
Society and the Law
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The first drugs to be regulated by the law
in the early years of the 20th century were
those deemed to have “habit-forming”
properties.
Aimed primary at opium and derivatives,
cocaine, and later marijuana
Society and the Law
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The question of how to define and
measure a drug’s influence on the
individual and the danger it poses for
society is difficult to assess.
1. What is the interaction of the drug with
the person?
2. What is the impact on society?
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The social impact of drug
dependence is directly related to
the extent to which the user has
become preoccupied with the
drug.
To what extent has the drug use
become interwoven in the fabric
of the user’s life??
What about Tobacco and
Caffeine??
Turn to page 261 in text
book. Answer questions 1-6
Types of Drugs
Narcotics
 Hallucinogens
 Depressants
 Stimulates
 Club Drugs
 Anabolic Steroids
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Narcotic
Derived from the Greek word narkotikos,
which implies a state of lethargy or
sluggishness.
 Pharmacologists classify as substance that
brings relief from pain and produces sleep.
 They are analgesics – relive pain by
exerting a depressing action on the central
nervous system (CNS)
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Narcotic
Unfortunately, ‘narcotic’ has come to be
popularly associated with any drug that is
socially unacceptable.
This confusion has produced legal
definitions that are at variance with the
pharmacological actions of many drugs.
Examples: marijuana and cocaine
Narcotic
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Source of most analgesic narcotics is
opium.
This is a gummy, milky juice exuded
through a cut made in the unripe pod
of the poppy. It is brownish in color
and has a morphine content from 421%
Papaver somniferium aka
‘The Poppy’
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Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Papaveraceae
Genus: Papaver
Species: P. somniferum
Morphine
Morphine
C17H18NO3
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Morphine can be used as
an analgesic to relieve:
– pain in myocardial infarction
– pain in sickle cell crisis
– pain associated with surgical
conditions, pre- and
postoperatively
– pain associated with trauma
– severe chronic pain, e.g.,
cancer[14]
– pain from kidney stones (renal
colic, ureterolithiasis)
– severe back pain
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Morphine can also be used:
– as an adjunct to general anesthesia
– in epidural anesthesia or intrathecal
analgesia
– for palliative care (i.e., to alleviate
pain without curing the underlying
reason for it, usually because the
latter is found impossible)
– as an antitussive for severe cough
– in nebulized form, for treatment of
dyspnea, although the evidence for
efficacy is slim.[15] Evidence is
better for other routes.[16]
– as an antidiarrheal in chronic
conditions (e.g., for diarrhea
associated with AIDS, although
loperamide (a non-absorbed opioid
acting only on the gut) is the most
commonly used opioid for diarrhea).
Morphine side affects:
Constipation
 Addiction
 Tolerance
 Withdrawal
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Heroin or diacetylmorphine
C21H23NO5
Heroin
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The German drug company Bayer named its new over
the counter drug "Heroin" in 1895. The name was
derived from the German word "heroisch" (heroic), due
to its perceived "heroic" effects upon a user. However, it
was chiefly developed as a morphine substitute for the
coughs that did not have its addictive side-effects.
Morphine at the time was a popular, but addictive
recreational drug, so Bayer wanted to find a similar, but
non-addictive substitute to market. However, contrary to
Bayer's advertising as a "non-addictive morphine
substitute," heroin would soon have one of the highest
rates of dependence amongst its users.
Codeine or methylmorphine
C18H21NO3
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While codeine can be extracted from opium, most
codeine is synthesized from morphine through the
process of O-methylation. It was first isolated in 1832 in
France by Jean-Pierre Robiquet.
The conversion of codeine to morphine occurs in the
liver and is catalysed by the cytochrome P450 enzyme
CYP2D6
Approximately 6–10% of the Caucasian population, 2%
of Asians, and 1% of Arabs are "poor metabolizers";
they have little CYP2D6, and codeine is less effective for
analgesia in these patients.
Opiates (pg. 239)
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Synthetic drugs (not naturally derived)
which have similar physiological effects on
the body as the opium narcotics.
OxyContin
Methadone
OxyContin
OxyContin is the brand name of a time-release
formula of oxycodone produced by the
pharmaceutical company Purdue Pharma. It was
approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration in 1995 and first introduced to
the U.S. market in 1996. By 2001, OxyContin
was the best-selling non-generic narcotic pain
reliever in the U.S.; 2008 sales in the U.S.
totaled $2.5 billion. An analysis of data from the
U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration found
that retail sales of oxycodone "jumped nearly
six-fold between 1997 and 2005.“
Critics have accused Purdue Pharma of putting
profits ahead of public interest by applying
"significant political pressure" to attempt to
reverse South Carolina's requiring prior approval
before a person with Medicaid can receive the
drug; for "fail[ing] to adequately warn
consumers of the risks" of OxyContin such as
dependence; and for promoting the drug
"aggressively" and by means such as
"promotional beach hats, pedometers and
swing-music CDs."
In May 2007 Purdue Pharma "agreed to pay
$19.5 million" in fines relating to
aggressive off-label marketing practices of
OxyContin in 26 states and the District of
Columbia. In specific, the company
encouraged dosing more frequent than
the recommended interval of 12 hours,
and did not fully disclose the risk of
hazardous or harmful use.
Later in May 2007 Purdue Pharma and three of its
top executives pleaded guilty in a Virginia
federal court to charges that they misbranded
OxyContin by representing it to have "less
euphoric effect and less abuse potential" than it
actually has, and by claiming that people taking
the drug at low doses could stop taking it
suddenly without symptoms of withdrawal. The
FDA had not approved these claims. The
company and the executives were to pay $634
million in fines for felony and misdemeanor
misbranding
In October 2007, officials in Kentucky filed a
lawsuit against Purdue Pharma for
misleading health care providers and
consumers "regarding the appropriate
uses, risks and safety of OxyContin"; as of
mid-2008, however, the case had been
"consolidated with other lawsuits into a
single multi-litigation suit" in a federal
court in New York.
Turn to page 261
Answer questions 7-12
Hallucinogens
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Drugs that can cause marked
alterations in normal thought
processes, perceptions, and moods.
Examples: Marijuana, LSD, PCP, Ecstasy
Marijuana: Perhaps the most popular
and controversial member of the
hallucinogens
 Qualifies as the most used illicit drug
used in the US today
 More than 43 million Americans have
tried it and half of that number may be
regular users. (according to latest
surveys)
Marijuana
Preparation derived from
the plant
Cannabis sativa L
Marijuana
 Preparation normally involves crushed
leaves with proportions of seed, stem
and flower.
 Plant secretes sticky resin known has
hashish
Marijuana
 Potent form is known
as sinsemilla.
This is made from
the unfertilized
flowering tops of the
female plant.
Marijuana
 Grows 5-15 feet
 Characterized by an odd number of leaflets on
each leaf. Each usually having 5-9 leaflets, all
having serrated or saw-toothed edges.
 Potency (THC content) depends on its form:
Loose vegetation 3-4.5 %
Sinsemilla 6-12%
Hashish 2-8%
Liquid hashish 8-22%
Marijuana
 Turn to page 240 for history
 Show “Hemp for Victory”
Marijuana
 Was not until 1964 that THC
(tetrahydrocannabinol) was isolated the
chemical substance that was responsible
for the hallucinogenic properties
 THC is mostly found in the resin, flowers,
and leaves
Beware!
Potential Medical Use
 Two promising areas
of research are
marijuana’s reduction
in eye pressure in
glaucoma and
lessening nausea
caused by powerful
anticancer drugs.
Marijuana
Timeline
1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
Regulates labeling of products containing
certain drugs including cocaine and heroin
1914 Harrison Narcotics Tax Act
Regulates opiates and cocaine
1937 Marihuana Tax Act
Criminalizes marijuana
1964 Convention on Narcotics
Treaty to control marijuana
1970 Controlled Substance Act
Scheduling list for drugs
Other Hallucinogens
Lyseric acid diethylamide (LSD)
 Synthesized from lyseric acid, a substance
derived from ergot, which is a type of fungus that
attacks certain grasses and grains (rye). (1938)
 1st described by Swiss chemist Albert Hofman
after he accidentally ingested, 1943.
 Very potent, 25 micrograms, enough to start vivid
visual hallucinogens that can last 12 hours.
 Mood swings, anxiety, tension. Prone to
flashbacks.
LSD
A single dose of LSD may be between 100 and
500 micrograms — an amount roughly equal to
one-tenth the mass of a grain of sand.
Threshold effects can be felt with as little as 25
micrograms of LSD. Dosages of LSD are
measured in micrograms (µg), or millionths of a
gram. By comparison, dosages of most drugs,
both recreational and medicinal, are measured
in milligrams (mg), or thousandths of a gram.
For example, an active dose of mescaline,
roughly 0.2 to 0.5g, has effects comparable to
100 µg or less of LSD.
LSD
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LSD was first synthesized on
November 16, 1938 by Swiss chemist
Dr. Albert Hofmann at the Sandoz
Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland as
part of a large research program
searching for medically useful ergot
alkaloid derivatives. LSD's
psychedelic properties were
discovered 5 years later when
Hofmann accidentally ingested an
unknown quantity of the chemical.
The first intentional ingestion of LSD
occurred on April 19, 1943, when Dr.
Hofmann ingested 250 µg of LSD. He
hypothesized this would be a
threshold dose based on the dosages
of other ergot alkaloids. Hofmann
found the effects to be much stronger
than he anticipated. Sandoz
Laboratories introduced LSD as a
psychiatric drug in 1947
LSD
 Beginning in the 1950s the US Central Intelligence Agency began
a research program code named Project MKULTRA. Experiments
included administering LSD to CIA employees, military personnel,
doctors, other government agents, prostitutes, mentally ill patients,
and members of the general public in order to study their
reactions, usually without the subject's knowledge. The project
was revealed in the US congressional Rockefeller Commission
report in 1975.
 In 1963 the Sandoz patents expired on LSD. Also in 1963, the US
Food and Drug Administration classified LSD as an Investigational
New Drug, which meant new restrictions on medical and scientific
use. Several figures, including Aldous Huxley, Timothy Leary, and
Al Hubbard, began to advocate the use of LSD. LSD became
central to the counterculture of the 1960s. On October 24, 1968,
possession of LSD was made illegal in the United States. The last
FDA approved human study with LSD, for use in dying cancer
patients, ended in 1980. Legally approved and regulated
psychiatric use of LSD continued in Switzerland until 1993. Today,
medical research is resuming around the world.
Phencyclidine (PCP)
 Synthesized by rather simple chemical
process which has led to the increase of
abuse.
 Clandestine Laboratories (see Fig. 9-5)
 Mixed with other drugs such as LSD or
amphetamines and sold as powder
hence ‘Angel Dust’
PCP
 Following oral intake (1-6 milligrams)
user feels strength and invulnerability,
along with dreamy detachment.
 Follows with unresponsiveness,
confusion, agitation, depression, feelings
of isolation, audio/visual hallucinations
and sometimes paranoia.
Depressant
A substance used to depress the functions of
the central nervous system. Depressants
calm irritability and anxiety and may induce
sleep
Depressants
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Alcohol
Barbiturates
Tranquilizers
‘Glue Sniffing’
Alcohol
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In the U.S. the alcohol industry annually
produces over one billion gallons of spirits,
wine, and beer for which 90 million
consumers pay nearly $40 billion.
Alcohol
We forget sometimes that alcohol is a drug.
Upon entering the blood stream it quickly
travels to the brain, where it acts to suppress
the brain’s control of thought processes and
muscle coordination.
Alcohol
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See page 245.
How does alcohol fit into society, the laws and
forensics??
Also a side note: Several of the benign bacteria in
the intestine use fermentation as a form of anaerobic
respiration. This metabolic reaction produces ethanol
as a waste product, just like aerobic respiration
produces carbon dioxide and water. Thus, human
bodies inevitably contain some quantity of alcohol
endogenously produced by these bacteria
Barbituates (Downers)
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‘Downers’ because they relax, create a
feeling of well being, and produce sleep
Act on the CNS to suppress function
Derivatives of barbituric acid
Barbituates (downers)
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Barbituric acid was first synthesized on December 6, 1864, by German
researcher Adolf von Baeyer. This was done by condensing urea (an
animal waste product) with diethyl malonate (an ester derived from the
acid of apples). There are several stories about how the substance got
its name. The most likely story is that Von Baeyer and his colleagues
went to celebrate their discovery in a tavern where the town's artillery
garrison were also celebrating the feast of Saint Barbara — the patron
saint of artillerists. An artillery officer is said to have christened the new
substance by amalgamating Barbara with urea. No substance of
medical value was discovered, however, until 1903 when two German
chemists working at Bayer, Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering,
discovered that barbital was very effective in putting dogs to sleep.
Barbital was then marketed by Bayer under the trade name Veronal. It
is said that Von Mering proposed this name because the most
peaceful place he knew was the Italian city of Verona. It wasn't until
the 1950s that the behavioural disturbances and physical dependence
potential of barbiturates became recognised.
Barbiturates
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25 derivatives are currently used in medical practice in the U.S.
Only 5 seem to have the most present-day applications:
Amobarbital, Secobarbital, Phenobarbital, Pentobarbital,
Butabarbital
Like ethanol, barbiturates are intoxicating and produce similar
effects during intoxication. The symptoms of barbiturate
intoxication include respiratory depression, lowered blood
pressure, fatigue, fever, unusual excitement, irritability,
dizziness, poor concentration, sedation, confusion, impaired
coordination, impaired judgment, addiction, and respiratory
arrest which may lead to death
Slang names: yellow jackets, blue devils, reds
Tranquilizers
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Although these drugs are considered
depressants, they do differ from ‘barbs’ in the
extent of their actions on the CNS. Generally
these drugs produce a relaxing tranquility
without impairment of high-thinking faculties
or inducement of sleep.
Tranquilizers
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‘Major’ tranquilizers: reserpine and
chlorpromazine have been successfully used
to reduce anxiety and tensions in mental
patients.
‘Mild’ tranquilizers: meprobamate (Miltown),
chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and diazepram
(Valium)
Tranquilizers
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Chlorpromazine (as chlorpromazine
hydrochloride, abbreviated CPZ, marketed in
the US as Thorazine, as Largactil in Europe)
is the oldest typical antipsychotic.
Chlorpromazine effectively treats
schizophrenia, severe mania in people with
bipolar disorder, and uncontrollable hiccups.
Tranquilizers
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Reserpine was isolated in 1952 from the dried root of
Rauwolfia serpentina (Indian snakeroot), (which had
been known as Sarpaganda and had been used for
centuries in India for the treatment of insanity, as
well as fever and snakebites — even Mahatma
Gandhi used it as a tranquilizer during his lifetime. Its
molecular structure was elucidated in 1953 and
natural configuration published in 1955. It was
introduced in 1954, two years after chlorpromazine.
The first total synthesis was accomplished by R. B.
Woodward in 1958
Tranquilizers
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Reserpine is an indole alkaloid,
antipsychotic and antihypertensive drug that
has been used for the control of high blood
pressure and for the relief of psychotic
behaviors, although because of the
development of better drugs for these
purposes and because of its numerous sideeffects, it is rarely used today
Tranquilizers
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Do you think we are creating a legalized drug
culture???
Tranquilizers
Glue Sniffing- contain volatile or gaseous
substances that decrease the CNS function
Toluene is the most common but other solvents
are naphtha, methyl ethyl ketone, gasoline,
and trichloroethylene.
See page 246.
Glue Sniffing
Music and musical culture
Inhalant use, especially glue sniffing, is widely associated with the
late 1970s punk youth subculture in the UK and North America.
Raymond Cochrane and Douglas Carroll claim that when glue
sniffing became widespread in the late 1970s, it was "...adopted
by punks because public [negative] perceptions of sniffing fitted
in with their self-image" as rebels against societal values. While
punks at first used inhalants "...experimentally and as a cheap
high, adult disgust and hostility [to the practice] encouraged
punks to use glue sniffing as a way of shocking society".
Glue Sniffing
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Inhalants are also referred to by bands from other
genres, including several grunge bands—an early
1990s genre that was influenced by punk rock. The
1990s grunge band Nirvana, which was influenced
by punk music, penned a song "Dumb", in which Kurt
Cobain sings "my heart is broke/But I have some
glue/ help me inhale /And mend it with you". L7, an
all-female grunge band, penned a song entitled
"Scrap" about a skinhead who inhales spray paint
fumes until his mind "starts to gel".
Glue Sniffing
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The Beck song "Fume" from his "Fresh Meat and
Old Slabs" release is about inhaling nitrous oxide.
Another Beck song, "Cold Ass Fashion," contains the
line, "O.G. - Original Gluesniffer!" The band Primus's
1998 song "Lacquer Head" is about adolescents who
use inhalants to get high. Hip hop performer Eminem
wrote a song, "Bad Meets Evil," which refers to
breathing "...ether in three lethal amounts." "The
Brian Jonestown Massacre" a retro-rock band from
the 1990s has a song entitled "Hyperventilation,"
which is about sniffing model airplane cement.
Turn to page 262
Complete questions 1325
Stimulants
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What is a stimulant???
A substance taken to increase
alertness or activity
Examples: Amphetamines and Cocaine
Amphetamines
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A group of synthetic drugs that
simulate the central nervous system
The name amphetamine is derived
from its chemical name: alphamethylphenethylamine.
Referred to as ‘uppers or speed’
Therapeutic dose 5-20 milligrams per
day.
Amphetamine
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Amphetamine (amfetamine (INN)) is a
psychostimulant drug that is known to
produce increased wakefulness and focus in
association with decreased fatigue and
appetite. Amphetamine is related to drugs
such as methamphetamine,
dextroamphetamine, and levoamphetamine,
which are a group of potent drugs that act
by increasing levels of dopamine and
norepinephrine in the brain, inducing
euphoria.
Amphetamines
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The group includes prescription CNS drugs
commonly used to treat attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is also used to
treat symptoms of traumatic brain injury and the
daytime drowsiness symptoms of narcolepsy,
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome and
chronic fatigue syndrome. Initially, amphetamine
was more popularly used to diminish the appetite
and to control weight. Brand names of the drugs
that contain, or metabolize into, amphetamine
include Adderall, Vyvanse, and Dexedrine, as
well as Benzedrine in the past
Methamphetamine
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Chemical derivative
Referred to as ICE or Meth
Made by a slow evaporation of
methamphetamine solution to produce
crystal clear ‘rocks’ then smoked
Methamphetamine
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Chronic users exhibit violent
destructive behavior and acute
psychosis similar to paranoid
schizophrenia.
Has a STRONG physical dependance
Methamphetamine
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1.
2.
3.
Physical effects
Physical effects of amphetamine can include reduced
appetite, increased/distorted sensations, hyperactivity, dilated
pupils, flushing, restlessness, dry mouth, erectile dysfunction,
headache, tachycardia, increased breathing rate, increased
blood pressure, fever, sweating, diarrhea, constipation,
blurred vision, impaired speech, dizziness, uncontrollable
movements or shaking, insomnia, numbness, palpitations,
and arrhythmia. In high doses or chronic use convulsions, dry
or itchy skin, acne, pallor can occur.
Occasionally amphetamine use in males can cause an odd
and sometimes startling effect in which the penis when flaccid
appears to have shrunk due to vasoconstriction.
Amphetamine use in adolescence may impair adult working
memory
Cocaine
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A stimulant that comes from the
Erythroxylon coca leaves. This plant is
easily grown in the Andes Mountains
of South America and tropical Asia.
At one time it was used as a local
painkiller and anesthetic
Cocaine
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For over a thousand years South American
indigenous peoples have chewed the coca leaf
(Erythroxylon coca), a plant that contains vital
nutrients as well as numerous alkaloids, including
cocaine. The leaf was, and is, chewed almost
universally by some indigenous communities—
ancient Peruvian mummies have been found with
the remains of coca leaves and pottery from the
time period depicts humans, cheeks bulged with
the presence of something on which they are
chewing. There is also evidence that these cultures
used a mixture of coca leaves and saliva as an
anesthetic for the performance of trepanation.
Cocaine
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When the Spanish arrived in South America,
most at first ignored aboriginal claims that
the leaf gave them strength and energy,
and declared the practice of chewing it the
work of the Devil. But after discovering that
these claims were true, they legalized and
taxed the leaf, taking 10% off the value of
each crop.[9] In 1569, Nicolás Monardes
described the practice of the natives of
chewing a mixture of tobacco and coca
leaves to induce "great contentment":
Cocaine
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Medicalization
With the discovery of this new alkaloid, Western medicine was
quick to exploit the possible uses of this plant.
In 1879, Vassili von Anrep, of the University of Würzburg,
devised an experiment to demonstrate the analgesic
properties of the newly-discovered alkaloid. He prepared two
separate jars, one containing a cocaine-salt solution, with the
other containing merely salt water. He then submerged a
frog's legs into the two jars, one leg in the treatment and one
in the control solution, and proceeded to stimulate the legs in
several different ways. The leg that had been immersed in the
cocaine solution reacted very differently than the leg that had
been immersed in salt water.
Cocaine
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Carl Koller (a close associate of Sigmund Freud,
who would write about cocaine later) experimented
with cocaine for ophthalmic usage. In an infamous
experiment in 1884, he experimented upon himself
by applying a cocaine solution to his own eye and
then pricking it with pins. His findings were
presented to the Heidelberg Ophthalmological
Society. Also in 1884, Jellinek demonstrated the
effects of cocaine as a respiratory system
anesthetic. In 1885, William Halsted demonstrated
nerve-block anesthesia, and James Corning
demonstrated peridural anesthesia. 1898 saw
Heinrich Quincke use cocaine for spinal anesthesia.
Cocaine
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A chemist named Angelo Mariani who read Mantegazza’s
paper became immediately intrigued with coca and its
economic potential. In 1863, Mariani started marketing a wine
called Vin Mariani, which had been treated with coca leaves,
to become cocawine. The ethanol in wine acted as a solvent
and extracted the cocaine from the coca leaves, altering the
drink’s effect. It contained 6 mg cocaine per ounce of wine,
but Vin Mariani which was to be exported contained 7.2 mg
per ounce, to compete with the higher cocaine content of
similar drinks in the United States. A “pinch of coca leaves”
was included in John Styth Pemberton's original 1886 recipe
for Coca-Cola, though the company began using decocainized
leaves in 1906 when the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed.
The actual amount of cocaine that Coca-Cola contained during
the first twenty years of its production is practically impossible
to determine.
Pope Leo XIII purportedly carried a hipflask of the cocatreated Vin Mariani with him, and awarded a Vatican gold
medal to Angelo Mariani.
Crack Cocaine
Crack is a lower purity form
of free-base cocaine and
contains sodium
bicarbonate as impurity.
Freebase and crack are
often administered by
smoking. The origin of the
name is from the crackling
sound (hence the
onomatopoeic “crack”)
produced when cocaine
containing impurities are
heated.
Page 248
Has toxic effects, has
one of the strongest
psychological
compulsions for
continued use.
Club Drugs
Refers to synthetic drugs that are used at
nightclubs, bars, and raves.
Substances that are often used:
1.
MDMA (Ecstasy)
2.
GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate)
3.
Rohypnol (‘Roofies’)
4.
Ketamine
5.
Methamphetamine
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GHB and Roofies
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GHB and Rohypnol are CNS depressants.
They are colorless, odorless, tasteless.
They are usually connected with drugfacilitated sexual assault, rape, and robbery.
GHB- dizziness, sedation, headache, and
nausea.
Rohypnol- muscle relaxation, loss of
consciousness, and inability to remember
what happened.
MDMA aka Ecstasy
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Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Is a synthetic, mind-altering drug that
exhibits hallucinogenic and
amphetamine-like effects